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1、名师整理英语语法高中版现在完成时 the present perfect tense过去发生的而与现在的情况有关的事或状态，或者是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间内发生的情况。一、一定与现在有关系现在完成时的用法：“继续”、“完成”、“经验”、“结果”。 My father has worked here for nearly 30 years. 【从过去继续到现在的动作或状态】 I have visited the state of Michigan twice.【过去某时刻发生的动作使现在有某种经验】 I have just finished my homework.【现在已经完成的动作】
2、I have lost my dictionary.【过去发生了某动作导致现在的结果】二、四种用法的时间状语继续since, for, How long?, all, etc.经验often, ever, never, before, once, times完成already, just, yet, etc.结果不需要时间状语表示继续的现在完成时【一定要和现在有关系，否则只需要用一般过去时】 I began to study English three years ago. I still study English now. I have studied English since thre
3、e years ago.常用的时间状语：for+时间；since+过去某时。1、“for+时间”可以和各种时态连用，千万不要产生误解，认为它只用于完成时。He studied in Beijing University for 4 years in 1960s. 此句是过去时，与现在无关，只是在过去的二十世纪六十年代发生的事，同样可以用“for+时间”。2、“since+过去的时间”表示从过去某时开始的动作或状态一直继续到现在，此时，since是介词。Ive learned to dance since three years ago.We have known each other sinc
4、e we were children.注意：通常since引导的从句的动词是用过去时，而主句原则上是用现在完成时，但用“its+时间”开始的句子例外。Its ten years since we left school.其它时间副词：always, often, these days (months, years), recently (lately), so far=up to now=till now=until now, in the last (past) few years表示经验的现在完成时1. 过去时：Helen read the novel three years ago an
5、d she read the novel again and again.2. 现在时：Now she knows the novel (or Now she remembers the novel).1+2=33. 现在完成时：Helen has read the novel three times.三、常用表示经验的时间状语置于句中的时间状语（副词）often, ever, never。注意never的位置，如，No, I never haveNo, I have never done that.放在句末的时间状语：表示频率的副词，before, yetShe has read the p
6、oem once.I have taught English in this school before.have (has) been辨析形式意义用法have (has) been to曾经去过经验到去过了完成have (has) been in曾在经验一直在继续表示完成、结果的现在完成时【表示结果的完成时，往往不必用时间状语】I finished my homework yesterday. 昨天做完了作业。（和现在无关，现在也许又在做作业）Ive just finished my homework. 已经做完作业。（现在没有作业可做）I opened the window. 过去的动作T
7、he window is open now. 过去的动作对现在的影响还存在I have opened the window. 我已经打开了窗户。表示完成的时间状语（副词）：already, just, yet.放在句中的副词 already, justI have already written a letter to my teacher.I have just phoned him.注意：already有时也用在疑问句中Has she arrived at the station already? （暗示惊讶的心情，可能她动作很慢，没想到已经到了，给人出乎意料的感觉）放在句末的副词 yet
8、I havent had lunch yet. 在否定句中，yet译为“还”。Has she seen the doctor yet? 在疑问句中，yet译为“已经”。（not yet常代替否定句）already 和 yet 的用法肯定already （已经）否定yet （还）疑问yet （已经）使用现在完成时需要注意的事项：1. just now和just的区别两者皆可译为“刚才”，但just now一般用于过去时，而just用于现在完成时，而且它们在句中的位置也不同。（just now置于句末，just置于have/has后）2. Today, this morning, this aft
9、ernoonHe didnt do his homework this afternoon. 根据时态是过去时可以推测说话时已经是晚上了，所以此句要译为“他今天下午没做作业”He hasnt done his homework this afternoon.根据时态是现在完成时可以推测现在还是下午，如果是晚上应该用hadnt，所以此句要译为“他今天下午还没做作业呢”【下午说话时，他还有可能去做作业】He arrived here a little late today, because he got up late and didnt catch the bus. 他迟到了，因为他晚起，而且没
10、赶上车。到达arrived的动作已经过去了。He has been busy today. 仅太难很忙。【截止到说话时，仍是今天，他仍很忙。】3. 注意地点状语的运用【有时一个地点状语会影响时态的运用，因为这个地点状语限定了时间】I bought this watch in Shanghai.“在上海”就限定了买手表这个动作发生在过去的某个时间，而我们就不能把这个动作和现在联系起来了，所以这个句子虽然没有时间状语，但这个地点限定了此句只能用过去时。4. 几种时态表同一意思“他离开中国已经两年了”一般过去时：He left China two years ago.一般现在时：It is two
11、years since he left China. 【句型：it is +时间+since+过去时态的句子】现在完成时：He has been away from China for 2 years.现在完成进行时1. 现在完成时侧重于动作的结束或完成；而现在完成进行时则侧重于动作的未结束和继续进行。而且现在完成进行时基本上没有否定时态。2. He hasnt been sleeping for 5 hours. 否定词看似否定的是谓语hasnt been sleeping，但实际上却否定了状语for 5 hours。译为“他没有一直睡五个小时。”也许是四个小时，或三个小时。3. 现在完成进
12、行时可用于强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。Miller has always been studying hard. 米勒学习总是非常努力。（赞许的感情色彩）4. 动作不包含持续意思的动词要用现在完成进行时，表示延续到现在的动作。The artist has painted the painting. 画家画完了画。The artist has been painting the painting. 画家一直在画画。5. 现在完成进行时有时也用来表示一种在现在以前这个阶段反复发生的事。Ive always been thinking of her but I cant see her.He
13、 has been promising me to help you. Hasnt he done it?6.用于现在完成进行时的时间状语基本上和现在完成时的时间状语相同。现在完成时表示已做完的事情及已有的经验，但现在完成进行时则无这两种作用。被动语态 Passive voice英语中时态的种类：过去，现在，将来，一般，进行，完成，组合十六种。一般过去时；一般现在时；一般将来时；过去进行时；现在进行时；将来进行时；过去完成时；现在完成时；将来完成时；过去将来时；过去将来完成时；过去将来进行时；现在完成进行时；将来完成进行时；过去完成进行时；过去将来完成进行时；被动语态的几种复杂时态：现在完成时
14、The lifesaver has saved more than twenty lives.More than twenty lives have been saved (by the lifesaver).过去完成时They had built ten bridges by 1980.Ten bridges had been built (by them) by 1980.【by them 和by 1980意义不同，后者是时间状语，不能省略】过去将来时Mother said she would punish the naughty boy this evening.Mother said
15、the naughty boy would be punished.将来完成时【使用很少】We shall have made ten thousand DVDs by the end of this month.Ten thousand DVDs will have been made (by us) by the end of this month.过去将来完成时【使用很少】He said he would have learned five thousand words by 2000.He said five thousand words would have been learned (by him) by 2000.没有被动结构的时态成进行时的被动结构：用完成时。The builders have been building this skyscraper for two months.This skyscraper has been built for two months.将来完成时的被动结构：用一般将来
