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1、1英语词汇学考试题形式：. 选择题(30 分)：考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合。.填空（10 分）：考特例,不是考简单的Examples Theory而是考Exceptions .（10 分） 考试内容：.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。. Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点.(10 分) 考试内容：.Typ
2、es of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类. 名词解释 (10 分)：. 简答题 (12 分)：.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题， 如:Affected Meaning 名词解释起来太长，放在简答题里，就成为：What is Affected Me
3、aning, briefly exemplify it.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子.分析题(18 分)：给出例子，用理论加以分析。2Introduction Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology 和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究 lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时
4、语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算 Narrowing or specialization 第一章 What is word?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in
5、 a sentence. 以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word） 词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words 单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子： e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为 manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为 mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为 black 和 mail
6、 What is the relationship between sound and meaning?31) There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between soun
7、d and form?1) The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2) This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English 3) With the development of the language, more and
8、 more differences occur between the two. What are the great changes that cause illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the
9、language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the e
10、arly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词： 1) influenced by Romans 2) Pronunciation changed 3) early scribes4) borrowing 能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L),fiesta (Sp),eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影
11、响就是sound and form 不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by a
12、n individual person.Classification of Words (本课的一个重点 )What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria: 41) By use of frequency2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock2) Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可划分为：1) Content word2)
13、 Functional word Content words are also known as notional words. (Content words 的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words 的别称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stabilityAccording to Stuart Robertson, et al (1957), the nin
14、e functional words, namely, and, be, have, it, of, the, to, will, youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability 要把握住All national character的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请举例说明？e.g. man, woman, fire, water
15、 e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot, knight Stability is relative, not absolute.根据词的 use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作 None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 54) Argot e.g. per
16、suader 5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) beaver 是 girl 的 slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着 Stylistic differenceWhich constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ?Answer: Content words What is native words? Answer: (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed wor
