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1、定语从句 一、概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： I want to marry a rich man. 定语 I want to marry a man who is tall, rich and handsome. （从句谓语和先行词一致） 先行词定语从句 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词； 定语从句用关系词（ ）来引导，关系词放在先行 词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。 关系代词： 关系副词： 二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语或宾语。例如： He i
2、s the man who/that wants to marry me. 他就是那个想娶我的人。(who/that 在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I want to marry. 他就是我想嫁的那个人。(whom/that 在从句中作宾语) 合并： The girl is my sister. The girl is standing on the stage. I dont know the boy. The boy is in blue shirt. My brother likes the singers. The singers write th
3、eir own music. 翻译： 那就是教我们英语的老师。 你正在等的教授已经来了。 2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，可以同of which 互换，放在从句主语后面)。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生。 Please pass me the book whose cover is green. =Please pass me the book the cover of which is green. 合并： He bought a dress. The dresss price is 10
4、0 pounds. He has a friend. The friends mother is a singer,1,翻译： 1)那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。 3) which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如： Football is a game which/that is favored by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏。(which / that 在句中作主语) This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔。 (which / that
5、在句中作宾语) 合并： I cant find the book. I bought a book yesterday. The cat is mine. The cat is playing with a ball. 翻译： 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。 他喜欢外国作家写的书。 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。 （二）关系副词的用法： 1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语 他的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year She still remembers the day when (=) he proposed.
6、 她还记得他求婚的那一天。 翻译： 我仍然记得爷爷去世的那一天。 我永远忘不了我们在一起的那些日子。 3）1949 年 10 月 1 日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 2where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语。 它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country This is the hotel where (=) they are staying. This is a factory where (=) handbags are made. 翻译： 1)惠州是我出生的地方,2,2)这就是他们初次见面的地方。 3why
7、指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why (=) he is leaving so soon. 翻译： 请你告诉我你迟到的原因。 我们不知道他受惩罚的原因。 我想知道你不喜欢出去玩的原因。 (三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which 结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. (四) 关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的
8、作用（即所 担当的成分：如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which 或that, 缺少时间状 语、地点状语或原因状语时，才能用when, where 或why,3,Practice： 1)This is a factory handbags are made. 2)This is a factory makes handbags. 3)I know a place we can have a picnic,4,4)I know a place is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 5)I will never forget the days
9、 we spent together. This is the reason he was dismissed. This is the boy father died three years ago. The pencil he wrote was broken. 三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十 分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： She has a son who is working at school. 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的 关系比较松散，因
10、而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句 在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如： She has a son, who is working at school. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where， 不可以用that 和why 两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从 句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： She has a son, who is working at school. （只有一个儿子） =She has a son and he is
11、working at school. She has a son who is working at school.（不止一个儿子） when 和where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。 而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 四、注意事项 1. 关系代词 that，which 的用法 (1)只用 which，不用 that 的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (b)介词后不能用 that。 We depend on the land f
12、rom which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (c) 一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that 引导，另一个用which 引导。 He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to kill the time. 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all 等作先行词时 Nothing t
13、hat you say can change my mind. All that glitters is not gold. 先行词有 the only, the very, the same, the last, just 修饰时。 You are the last person that I want to see. He is the very man that I want to marry. 先行词有序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰修饰时。 This is the best film that Ive seen,5,Shakespeare is the greatest poet th
14、at England has ever had. (d)先行词既有人，又有物时。 The city and the people that I visited impressed me a lot. 2. 关系代词 which, as 的用法 关系代词 as 和which 引导的定语从句 as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句，有相 同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 He married her, as/which was natural. He was honest, as/which we can see. as
15、 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割 一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正 如.，正像.”的意思 As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. John, as you know, is a famous writer. He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe. 注意：
16、当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which。 Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，常用 as I have never heard such a story as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：当先行词由 the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 注意：定语从句 suchas 与结果状语从句 such that的区别： as 在所引导的定语从句中作
