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1、 英语被动语态中考复习初中阶段英语语法是学生学习的难点,其中被动语态更是令学生深感头痛,在考试中出错率也较高。一、被动语态的基本知识1什么叫动词的语态?表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态,分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。2被动语态的形式1)被动语态的基本形式为助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词,即be done。被动语态的不同时态是通过助动词be的时态变化来体现的,其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。在初中阶段要求掌握八种时态的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态,其具体变化为:一般现在时的被动语态:amisare done一般过去时的被
2、动语态:waswere done现在完成时的被动语态:have has been done过去完成时的被动语态:had been done现在进行时的被动语态:amisare being done过去进行时的被动语态:was / were being done一般将来时的被动语态:shall will be done过去将来时的被动语态:should would be done含情态动词的被动语态:情态动词be done 2)被动语态的否定式:在第一个助动词后加not构成。3)被动语态的疑问式:把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。例如:Where did they grow veget
3、ables?(改为被动语态)Where _ vegetables _? (2002 福州) (答案: were, grown)3 被动语态的用法英语中,一般在以下几种情况下使用被动语态:1)不知道动作的执行者是谁, 或者没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者。2)强调动作的承受者, 此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者”来表示。例如: Chinese _ by the largest number of people. (2002 长沙)A. speak B. is speaking C. speaks D. is spoken( 答案:D )二、被动语态的中考焦点及复习策略1被
4、动语态的考查形式可见于多种题型,如:选择填空、句型转换、翻译填空等。例如: 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。_ _ _ that _ _ is being _ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing(2000南京)(填It is said;another bridge;built) 因此,学生有必要熟练掌握主、被动语态的相互转换:主动句: 动作的执行者(主语) + 谓语动词 + 动作的承受者(宾语)被动句:动作的承受者(主语)+ be + 动词的过去分词 + by + 动作的执行者注意: (1) 有时 by短语可以省略。(2)主动句的时态是由谓语动词来体现的,而
5、被动句的时态是由be动词来体现的。掌握了被动句的基本结构和主、被动句的相互转换关系,在考试中就可以不变应万变。2被动语态的考查不是孤立的,而是与时态紧密联系的。上文已提到,初中阶段要求掌握九种被动结构,其中,尤以一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时和含有情态动词的被动语态在考题中出现频率最高。例如:(1) The boy _ to get supper ready after school(2002 四川)A. were told B. is telling C. was told D. tells(答案: C ) (2) A lot of new roads _ built in the we
6、st of China(2002 青海) A. must B. must be C. has D. have ( 答案: B )因此,在中考复习时应注意熟记被动语态的结构,并与时态复习相结合,反复练习。这里介绍一种“错位相加法”,可以有效地提高学生的学习效率。首先记住一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态;现在进行时的被动语态: 现在进行时: am/is/ are + v.-ing + 被动语态: be + done 现在进行时的被动语态:am/ is/ are + being + done过去进行时的被动语态: 过去进行时: was/ were + v.-ing + 被动语态: be + done
7、过去进行时的被动语态: was/were + being + done现在完成时的被动语态: 现在完成时: have/ has + 动词的过去分词 + 被动语态: be + done现在完成时的被动语态: have/ has + been + done过去完成时的被动语态: 过去完成时: had + 动词的过去分词 + 被动语态: be + done 过去完成时的被动语态: had + been + done一般将来时的被动语态:一般将来时: will + 动词原形+ 被动语态: be + done 一般将来时的被动语态: will + be + done 过去将来时的被动语态:过去将来时:
8、would + 动词原形+ 被动语态: be + done 过去将来时的被动语态: would + be + done 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词 + 动词原形 + be + done 含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词 + be + done3注意被动语态的几个特殊情况:(1) 带双宾语的两种被动语态形式: 把指人的间接宾用作被动句的主语,如: She gave me a book. I was given a book by her. 把指物的直接宾语用作被动句的主语,此时,间接宾语前需加介词to或for, 如: She gave me a book. A book was given
9、 to me by her. She bought me a present. A present was bought for me by her.Her mother gave her a new pen(变被动语态)A new pen _ _ _ her by her mother(2001黔江)(填was given to) (2) 原则上,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但是,许多不及物动词加上介词或者副词,变成及物动词短语,这时也可有被动语态。此时应注意短语的整体性,即后面的介词或副词不要丢掉。例如: We should speak to old people politely. Old
10、 people should be spoken to politely by us.She will take good care of the children(变被动语态) The children will _ _ _ _ _ by her(2002盐城) (填be taken good care of)(3)复合宾语的主动句在转换成被动句时,那些感官动词和使役动词如make,see,feel等后所省略的动词不定式to需被还原。例如: My teacher made me do my homework. I was made to do my homework by my teache
11、r.Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday(变被动语态) He _ _ _ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday (2002贵阳)(填was seen to)4. 不宜使用被动语态的几种情况:(1)有些动词如happen和动词短语如take place是没有被动语态的。(2)系动词没有被动语态。例如:The cake smells delicious.5. 熟记教材中与被动语态相关的固定搭配和句型。例如:be made of / from /in / by, be used for/ as 等。Your coat
12、 looks niceIs it _ cotton?YesIts _ Shanghai (2001江西)Amade of;made by Bmade of;made in Cmade for;made by Dmade for;made in (答案:B)6.在实际课堂教学中发现学生在被动语态上出错的原因一般在以下几个方面: (1) 中文影响根深蒂固,没有明了中、英文的差异。在汉语中有很多诸如“作业做好了”、“黑板已经擦过了”等等不用被动的句子,但这些句子在英语中都得使用被动语态:The homework has been finished. The blackboard has been c
13、leaned. 部分学生没有明了中、英文的差异,按照汉语的习惯来说英语,出错自然在所难免。 另外,并不是所有的汉语被动句都出现“被”字的。在汉语中,“受”、“遭到”、“让”、“叫”等都有“被”的含义。相应地,在英语中也应使用被动语态。在中考复习时,教师应有意识地针对这些差异帮助学生进行总结,使学生做到心中有数。(2) 学生练习得不够,没有形成自觉的语法意识。有不少学生对被动语态的语法规则也能说得头头是道,但每到应该使用被动语态时,常常就想不起来用它。这主要是由于平时练习得不够,没有把知识真正转化成运用能力。这和懂得篮球规则却未必能打好篮球是同样道理。因此,教师在复习时应尽可能地运用多种教学手段
14、指导学生进行练习,培养学生的语法意识,并达到习惯成自然的境界。(3)学生缺乏一定的做题技巧,常常不会判断是否该用被动语态。下面介绍几种被动语态的判断技巧供大家参考: 当句中出现by sb,with sth短语时常使用被动语态,如: The door was locked by me.(门是被我锁上的。) The road was covered with snow.(马路上覆盖着雪。)及物动词之后没有宾语常需用被动语态,如: I _ (ask) to answer the question. 我们知道,ask是及物动词,其后必须接宾语。但在此题中,ask 之后并没有宾语。这当然不是题目出错了,而是ask的宾语I已经到句首当主语动作的承受者做主语,自然应使用被动语态:I was aske