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1、Unit 10Travel and TourismTourism is an activity which cuts across conventional sectors in the economy. It requires in uts of an economic , social, cultural an environmental natural. In this sense it is often described as being multi-faced. The problem in describing tourism as an “industry” is that i
2、t does not have the usual formal production function ,nor does it have an output which can physically be measured ,unlike agricultural (tons of wheat ) of beverages ( litres of whisky ). There is no common structure which is representative of the industry in every country. In France an Italy, for ex
3、ample, restaurants and shopping facilities are major attractions for tourists;in Russia they are not .Even the core components of the tourism industry, such as accommodation and transport, can vary between countries. In the UK many tourists use bed and breakfast accommodation in private houses; in T
4、hailand such facilities ate not available .In the transport sector, levels of car ownership and developed road networks cause many tourists to use their cars or buses in Western Europe and the USA . In India and Indonesia, most tourists travel by air . It is some of these problems of definition that
5、 have caused many writers to refer to the tourist sector rather than the tourist industry . Sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, as they are used here.However, there are a number of features associating with tourism which are quite explicit .For example, tourism implies that a person undert
6、akes a journey : the journey may be for less than a day (day tripper/visitor); or it may be a journey within a national boundary, therefore constituting a domestic tourist trip; or it might be a journey which crosses an international boundary ,therefore being classified as an international tourism t
7、rip .However, it is not only the nature of the journey that very broadly should be for leisure or business . In looking at the development of tourism historically, most attention has been given to the concept of international tourism, i.e. journeys across international boundaries.The problem of defi
8、nition is a serious and continuing difficulty for analysis of tourism .In particular the amorphous nature of the tourism industry has made it difficult to evaluate its impact on the economy relative to other sectors in the economy .Techniques have been developed to facilitate measurement of impact b
9、ut there is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes the tourism industry . Most academic writers tend to craft their definition to suit their specific purposes. Here the definition given by Burkart and Medlik (1981) is accepted: the phenomenon arising from temporary visits(or stays aw
10、ay from home) outside the normal place of residence for any reason other than furthering an occupation remunerated from within the place visited.Although the components of the tourism industry will differ between countries, there are certain subsectors which are clearly identified as being component
11、s of tourism activity , such as the accommodation sector which would include not only formal accommodation, hotel guest houses, etc.,but also camping sites ,rooms in private houses and bed and breakfast type arrangements. Travel agents and tour operators are recognized as comprising another distinct
12、 subsector. Transport-airlines, shipping, rail and cat hire, cars and coacheswill also be seem as being important inputs to the tourism sector . In some countries,shopping and production of handicrafts is another associated activity of tourism.If we use 1945 as being the year when the development of
13、 the major growth in the tourism industry began , we can make some general observations relating to the changes which one can discern in the tourism industry.Before the 1950s ,tourism was very much an industry which was fragmented; hotels, transport operators ,travel agents , tour operators all tend
14、ed to work independently of each other. Hotels were largely in the business of selling bed nights. Airlines and railways were in the business of selling seats. Travel agents , of course , were selling travel and holidays . But in each case they tended to operate very much as individual businesses. F
15、rom the mid-1950s onwards , particularly in the UK, the growth of tour operators began to change the mature of the industry from essentially individual business activities to more integrated activities. Hotels, for example, were beginning to see customers as wanting a range of services rather than s
16、imple buying accommodation. So hotels began to develop shopping arcades and later to offer secretarial centres to try to increase the spending of guests within the hotel complex. Transport services as being integral to a much wider need. Airlines offered insurance and accommodation booking travel services including holiday arrangements, medical services, car hire, etc.What we have seem since the 1950s is the emergence of a holiday and travel industry which is offering more integrated servi
