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1、八年级英语下册 Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells知识讲解一.【 单元目标】.单词与短语collectmarathon skate pair since raise several stamp kite monsterglobe anyone store cake particularly collector common extra topiccapital thousand quite certain missin fact 其实 ;实际上 run out of 用完;用尽by the way 顺便;附带说说 be interes
2、ted in 对感兴趣more than 比多 make a list of 列清单thanks for doing sth. 感谢某人做了某事 think of / about sth. 想起某事.目标句型：1. How long have you been doing? 2. Ive been doingsince3. How long did sb. do? 4. He / She did sth. for5. What do you collect? 6. When did you start?7. How many do you have? 8. What do you like t
3、o collect in the future?9. What is the most common/unusual/interesting hobby?.语法现在完成进行时二.【 重难点分析】1. 现在完成进行时构成：肯定句：主语 + have / has been + doing否定句：主语+have/has+not+been+doing一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been+doing?现在完成进行时表达“某一动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，有可能还要持续下去” ，现在完成进行时的句子中多用延续性动词，如：live，learn，study ，work 等。(1)I have been
4、 learning English for ten years. 我学英语已经十年了。(2)She has been skating for four hours. 到现在为止她滑冰已经有四个小时了。(3)I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old. 我从十岁起就一直在集邮。在这几个句子中，have 和 has 是助动词，疑问形式需把助动词提前，否定形式在 have 或has 后面加 not，have not 和 has not 可以分别缩写成 havent 和 hasnt，如：(1)Have you been doing y
5、our homework since this morning? 从今天早晨起你就一直在写作业吧?(2)Has he been writing the letters to his friend? 他是一直在给他的朋友写信吗?(3)I havent been seeing films for a long time. 我有很长时间没有看电影了。(表明没有看电影这个动作从过去一直持续到现在，还要继续持续下去。)2.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：(1)现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时侧重的是动作的持续进行。如：I have read a book about birds. (已经读完
6、)I have been reading a book about birds.(一直都在读，现在还在读，有可能会继续读下去)(2)两种时态都有延续性， 但现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，无感情色彩;现在完成进行时表示一个动作的延续、重复，有时有一定的感情色彩。如：She has been singing all the day. 她都唱了一整天了。(抱怨、厌烦)三.【 重点词汇】1. since 的用法：(1)conj.(引导时间状语从句，从句中常用过去时，主句用一般时态或完成时) 自从以来;以后eg.It was years since l had seen her.自从我见
7、到她(到那时) 又过去好几年了。his just a week since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚好有一周了。(引起原因状语从句，通常置于句首) 既然;因为eg.Since he says so，it must be true.既然他这么说，那一定是真的。(2)prep. 自 以来eg.I have lived here since childhood.自小我就住在这儿。He hasnt been home sincel993.1993 年以来他还没有回过家。(3)adv.(与完成时态连用)从那以后;后来eg.He left the city in 1985 and ha
8、s returned only once since.他 1985 年离开这座城市，自那以后只回来过一次。以前(4)构成短语：ever since 从那以后(一直)long since 很久以前 ;早已2. since，from 和 for(1)from 是介词，后接名词、动名词，表示事情的开始点，以 from 短语作状语时，句中的谓语动词可用一般现在、过去和将来时，如：The movie is on from 8:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. 这个电影在晚上 8 点到 10 点上映。They chatted at the meeting from beginning to en
9、d.他们在会议上自始至终都在聊天。(2)since 则为介词或从属连接词，其后接名词、动名词或从句，表示从某一特定时间起直至现在或过去某一特定时间为止，依然继续着的事情的开始点，在以此为时间状语的句子中，谓语动词常用完成时。如：Many things have happened since they came here.自他们来这儿以后，发生了许多事情。The teacher said that John had made great progress since last semester.老师说从上个学期以来约翰取得了很大的进步。(3)for 是介词，后接名词，可以用来计算持续的时间，表示
10、事情从开始到结束所持续的时间，谓语动词常用过去时或完成时，for 与一般现在时连用，表示时间一直持续到将来。如：The meeting lasted for hours. 会议持续了几个小时。I studied the piano for three years. 我学过三年钢琴。Ive known her for five years. 我认识她已经五年了。How long are you here for? 你在这里要待到什么时候?3. favorite 作名词，指“最爱的物品” ，favorite 也可作形容词，作形容词比较级和最高级形式。例如：My favorite food is d
11、umpling.我最喜欢的食物是饺子。4. stop 表示 “停止，结束，阻止”The light turned red.I have to stop. 红灯亮了，我不得不停下来。(1)stop 作名词，意为 “车站，站点” 。例如：I get off at the next bus stop.我在下一站下车。(2)stop 作动词，意为 “停止” ，常用于 stop doing sth.结构中，表示“停止做某事” ，指停止正在做的事。例如：The students stop talking.学生停止了讲话。 (动名词 talking 作宾语)(3)stop to do sth. 则表示“停下
12、来去做某事” ，指停止原来的事去做另外一件事。例如：The students stop to talk.学生们停下来(开始) 讲话。(不定式 to talk 作目的状语)We should stop to have a rest.我们应该停下来休息一会儿。(4)stop sb.(from)doing sth. 表示 “叫某人停止做某事，阻止某人做某事” 。例如：What can stop me(my)going? 有什么能阻止我去呢?Nothing shall stop us from studying.什么都不能阻止我们学习。5. have to do sth. 表示“不得不做某事” ，指客
13、观条件的“不得不”I have to finish the work by myself. 我不得不自己完成这项工作。6. run out of 意为“从地方跑出来;用光”Class is over.The students run out of the classroom. 下课了，学生们从教室里冲了出来。四.【 课文解析】1. How long have you been in class today?你今天上了多长时间的课?( 或你在课堂多长时间 ?)(1)how long “多长”或“多长时间” 。对长度或时间段提问。- How long have you learned Englis
14、h? 你学英语多长时间了?- For two years. 两年了。(2)in class 在上课;在课堂上，其反义词为 out of class “在课外” 。We should read more books out of class. 我们在课外应该多读些书。I have been in class for one hour. 我上了一个小时的课。(3)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。eg.I have seen the film many times.这部电影我已看过多次。(已经非常了解这部电影)表示过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。eg.I have lived h
15、ere since 2001.自从 2001 年以来，我一直住在这儿。(“住”这动作延续到现在)构成：“have/has+ 过去分词 ”构成。eg.-Where is Jim and Mike? 吉姆和迈克在哪儿?-They have gone to the Great Wall.他们去游长城了。2. Alison was the first one to start.艾丽森是第一个开始( 滑)的。(1)“be the first / second+n. + to do”表示“是第一 / 二个做某事的” 。He is the last one to leave here. 他是最后个离开这里的
16、。She was the first one to get to the school.她是第一个到校的。(2)to start 在这里是动词不定式作定语。3. Id like to collect stamps because they are interesting.我喜欢集邮，因为它们特别有趣。(1)would like to do 表示“想要做某事” 。例如：Would you like to come to join my birthday party? 你愿意来参加我的生日晚会吗?(2)collect 意为“收集，搜集” ，常用作及物动词，后跟名词或代词作宾语。例如：I like collecting all kinds Of Chinese stamps very much.我非常喜欢收集各种中国邮票。
