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1、专题18英语的语态一、意义：语态是解决“谁当老大”的问题。如果强调动作的施动者，那就以它为主语，称为主动语态；I had the apple this morning. (主动语态)如果强调受动者，那就以它为主语，称为被动语态。The apple was eaten by me this morning. (被动语态)二、形式：无论是主动语态还是被动语态，都很有“仪式感”，主动语态要用动词“do”的各种形式体现时态，而被动语态中则需要动词“be done”的各种形式体现时态。 (红色部分为考纲要求考生必须掌握的内容)be done ( is done, are done) 一般现在时 (is/
2、are being done) 现在进行时 (have/has been done) 现在完成时 (have/has been being done) 现在完成进行时Be done (was done, were done) 一般过去时 (was/were being done) 过去进行时 (had been done) 过去完成时 (had been being done) 过去完成进行时Be done (will be done, is/are going to be done，shall be done) 一般将来时 ( will be being done) 将来进行时 (will
3、have been done) 将来完成时 (will have been being done) 将来完成进行时Be done ( would be done, was/were going to be done, should be done) 一般过去将来时 ( would be being done) 过去将来进行时 (would have been done) 过去将来完成时 (would have been being done) 过去将来完成进行时三、范围:1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。（比如take place, happen, burst out, break out, be
4、long to, occur, appear, last, rise, come, go, show up, turn up, fade, disappear, run, walk, stand, lie, exist, rest, fail等） 1). The meeting broke up at dusk. 会议黄昏时分才结束。 2). A small river runs through the village.一条小河穿存流过。2. 有些动词是及物的也没有被动关系尤其是表示“静态”（have, own, cost, wish, suit, fit，hold） The meeting
5、room held 336 students celebrating the graduation ceremony. 3. 有些时候，用介词+名词表示被动语态，比如：（under repair, under control, under discussion, on sale, on display, on show, on fire等） The bride to the city is under construction now.通向城市的桥梁正在被修建。4. 有些短语通过微小变化实现主被动转换，如：in charge of主管 in the charge of由某人所掌管, in po
6、ssession of 占有in the possession of被某人所占有, be familiar with熟悉be familiar to 为某人所熟知的 I am not familiar with the city. The city is not familiar to me.我对这个城市不熟悉这个城市对我来说很陌生。四、有些情况用主动表示被动。1). Something is easy to do2). Something needs/wants/requires doing 3). The book is worth reading carefully 4). With a
7、 lot of homework to do, I have no time for fun. 5). 表示感官的系动词没有被动语态（smell, taste, feel, sound, look） The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。 6). 描述物体物理属性的时候。（cut, sell, wear, tear, wash, run, operate, work, weigh, measure等）The pen writes smoothly. 钢笔写起来很滑顺。The bicycles will have smart phones attached to t
8、he handlebarsmeasuringhow much power is being generated for the hotel.这些自行车都有只能手机安装在车把上用了测量它们正在给旅馆提供多少电量。7). Who is to blame? 该怪谁？五、有些动词常用被动表达主动。1). be faced with, be equipped with, be armed with, be prepared for, be determined to do, be concerned about, be satisfied with, be sold out of, be devoted
9、 to doing, be supposed to do=be expected to do=should Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers. He thought of his bird with no seeds and the cake he wanted to buy for his mother, but was determined that he would not tell a
10、lie. Catherine was supposed to go with me, but she may have to work extra hours tomorrow. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers.2). 常见的使役动词（surprise, shock, astonish, exhaust, tire, seat, shock, puzzle, amuse, excite, interest, encourage, in
11、spire, amaze, bore）In the 1960s,while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone national park, Bob Christiansen becamepuzzledabout something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before：he couldnt find the parks volcano. The editor is amazed at how quickly Smith gets his storiesonly minutes after
12、they happenbut soon hes presented with a contract to sign. Executives feelboredwith too many specific elements of Shakespeares plays. Suppose youre in a rush, feelingtired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.六、某些不及物动词的过去分词已经形容词化，不是被动语态（retire, go
13、ne） He is gone.（他离开了） He is retired (他退休了)七、不是所有的被动语态都表示被动，有些表示的是状态。 1). The cup is broken.杯子破了。（表示状态） The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被小男孩打破了。（表示动作）八、考题再现：一）、单句语法填空。1. When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. 2. Ivebeenabletokeep firm friendships with them.
14、Thus I_(allow)to gain access to their living environment.3. Steam engines_(use)to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise However, the railway quickly proved to be 4. Sarah (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel earning a
15、million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full-time. 5. It means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon (construct). 6. The artist was sure he would (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister, the old man laughed. 7. The parts of a museum open to the public_(call)g
