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1、高中重点语法讲析,英语词类 句型转换 动词的时态和语态 某些动词的固定用法 动词不定式和动名词 分词(短语)作定语和状语 虚拟语气 倒装句 主谓一致 从句讲法一 从句讲法二 情态动词 独立主格结构 省略句 补充,主谓一致 指导原则: 1. 语法一致原则(主,谓语在单,复数上的一致) 2. 意义一致原则(谓语取决于主语的单,复数意义) 3. 就近原则(谓语决定于最靠近它的词语n.的单,复数形式),语法一致原则: Eg: Many girls want to buy. Every girl wants to buy.,意义一致原则: 1可单可复 1.1 集合名词:family, crew, peo
2、ple, staff, all, etc.用作整体,谓语用单数;用作个体,谓语用复数. Eg: My family poor. My family kindly to others. 1.2 glasses, trousers, shorts(短语),如果之前无单位词而单独使用,谓语动词用复数;否则用单数. Eg: My trousers black. One pair of scissors not enough. 1.3 the number of 谓语用单数; a number of谓语用复数.,is,are,is,are,1.4 关系分句中的主谓一致问题 1)在“one of + 复数
3、名词 + 关系分句”结构中,分句的谓语动词常用复数. Eg. Im one of those people who very happy now. 2)如果此结构前有“the”或“the only”等限定词或强调词时,关系分句的谓语动词形式依one而定,用单数. Eg. He is the only one of those boys who willing to help the little girl. 1.5 主语 + as mush as /rather than /more than /no less than, 谓语动词形式视主语本身单复数而定.(考点:通常该主语是单数第三人称,
4、所以谓语用单数) Eg. His brother rather than his parents to blame. My husband, ,more than anyone else in the family, anxious to go there again.,are,is,is,is,1.6 主语 + as well as /in addition to /with /along with /together with /execpt, 谓语动词形式随主语本身而定.(考点:通常主语是单数第三人称, 所以谓语用单数) Eg. The father, as well as his so
5、n, going to travel. 2. 单数 2.1 以-ics结尾的学科名称后,谓语用作单数. 诸如:physics(物理学); mathematics(数学); mechanics(机械学); politics(政治学)等. 2.2 固定名词the United States, the United Nations 等做主语,谓语动词用单数.,is,2.3 Many a + 单数名词,随后的谓语动词用单数; more than one (语法一致原则),谓语动词用单数. Eg. Many a student that mistake before. A had made B has
6、been made C have made D has made 2.4 数量词(表距离,金额,重量,时间等复数名词),谓语动词用单数. Eg. Six months is too short a time for me. Twenty miles is a long way to cover. 2.5 名词性分句做主语,(what, who, why, how,whether等引导的), 谓语动词用单数. Eg. What caused the accident is a complete mestery. 2.6 不定式和动名词做主语,谓语动词用单数.,D,就近原则 3.1 遇到or, n
7、or, eitheror, neither nor, not only but also等,谓语动词采用“就近原则”. Eg. Either my father or my brothers coming. Either my brothers or my father coming. 3.2 there be 的存在句型中,主谓一致采用“就近原则” Eg. There three apples and one orange on the desk. There one orange and three apples on the desk.,is,are,are,is,定语从句(限定性定从
8、“ It is because” 或“ This is because”等句型中. Eg. The reason why she is absent in Beijing is that she went to see her friend. 她暂时不在北京的原因是她去看朋友了。 This is because you neglected his advice.这是因为你不听他的劝告.,3. 宾语从句 宾语从句做动词的宾语,其位置与陈述句基本结构的宾语相同,同时也可做介词, 非限定动词(动词不定式,动名词,分词)及be+某些形容词的宾语. 3.1 有连词that引导的定语从句最为普通(that
9、常被省略) Eg. I think that you are right. 此类宾语的用法一般有以下几种 1)可以跟在某些动词后,这类动词有: see, say, think, insist, wish, deny, expect, agree, believe, decide, declare, explain, hear, feel, imagine, require, mand, etc. 2)不可紧跟在某些动词后,这类动词有: let, allow, admire, like, dislike, take, forgive, etc. Eg. I take it that you mu
10、st understand your mother.我认为你要理解你的母亲.,3)可作介词expect,in,but的宾语,即为: except that除了; in that因为,在于; but that要不是,只是 Eg. He said nothing except that he was all right. 他除了说他很好以外,别的什么都没说. 4)可做形容词的宾语:be + 形容词 + that引导的宾语从句. Eg. I am sure that she will come. 以下形容词后可跟由that引导的宾语从句: afraid, aware, anxious, certai
11、n, convinced, surprised, satisfied, proud, sorry, thankful, disappointed, sure, glad, consident, etc. 3.2 由连续代词what, 主从连词whether, if引导的宾语从句. 3.2.1 用在主句的谓语动词后.,Eg. I asked him if he would answer my questions. 以下的动词或词组后可跟有what, whether等引导的宾语从句: ask, advise, discover, find out, imagine, inform, inquire
12、, know, show, tell, understand, etc. 3.2.2 可用在介词后 Eg. We are never satisfied with what we have achieved. 我们不要满足于已取得的成就 Jim was not aware (of) what a mistake he had made. 3.2.3 what 引导的从句可做宾语补足语. Eg. You may call me what you like. 3.3 由连接副词引导的宾语从句. Eg. I forgot when and where I first met Jane. I can
13、tell you how you can learn swimming quickly.,倒装 1.省略了连接词if的虚拟条件句,且助动词或系动词为should,had,were时,将should,had,were提到主语之前. 2.用于so + adj/adv. + (that)和such + (n.) + (that)引出的结果状语从句中,以加强语气. 3.用于as引出的让步状语从句和比较状语从句以及“The more, the more”结构. 4当(and)so, (and)either (表示与上述情况同样); (and)neither, (and)nor (表示与上述情况同样不)位
14、于句首时,需将系动词, 助动词或情态动词提前,构成倒装句.(#要与所有的系动词, 助动词或情态动词在形式上和时态上一致). 注意:如果不是表示“与上述情况同样或同样不”,而是表示“句子内容的同意或肯定”,则不能用倒装句.,5. 当下列表示否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时,句子要倒装,以加强语气或强调:no, hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner(than), hardly (scarely, barely)when, not onlybut also等或only + 状语/副词/介词词组
15、. 6. 当下列表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首时,句子要倒装:at no time, in no case, by no means, in no way, on no consideration, by no stretch of the imagination, in o wise. 7. 当句首为here,there,now,then,hence而谓语为be, go, come等趋向动词,且主语是名词(词组)而非代词时,句子要倒装. 8. 疑问句,存在句,感叹句,祝愿句中的倒装句式.,动 词,4.1 概述 动词是用来说明人或事物的行为或状态的词.它和 名词是句子最重要的部分,一般来说,一
16、句子中如果没有 名词和动词.句子就不能成立. 4.2 动词的分类 动词可以分为以下五类:, 在很多情况下,一个动词可以用作不同类动词,特别 是有很多动词,既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,随 使用场合不同而有所不同,有时意思也有变化.如: 作 vt . 作 vi . We lit the candle and the The candles on the candle lit the room. Christmas tree lit up the room. 我们点燃了蜡烛蜡烛照 圣诞树上的蜡烛照亮了房间。 亮了房间. This rule cannot be applied I will apply for the jop today. to every case. 我今天申请担任那职务。 这项规定并非每一案件 都适合., 有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语，表达一个概念，作用和一个单独的动词差不多。如： Science h
