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1、初中英语语法现在完成时现在完成时表示目前为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态。现在完成时时一种发生于过去，着眼于现在的时态；动作发生在过去，而强调点落在对现在的影响上，或描述从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态。1.现在完成时谓语动词的结构形式（1）现在完成时谓语动词的结构形式：助动词have/has+过去分词。has用于主语为第三人称单数的句子中国，其他各人称用have。如： I have lived Wuhan for years. She has finished her homework already.（2）现在完成时一般疑问句、否定句、特殊疑问句结构及一般疑问句的答语：*一般疑问句为：将ha
2、ve/has在句子开头，且首字母要大写，句末用问号。*肯定回答为：Yes，+主语的相应代词+have或has；*否定回答为：No，+主语的相应代词+havent或hasnt；*否定句为：在have，has后加not+过去分词。Have和has可以和not缩写为havent，hasnt。*特殊疑问句为：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+.？如：Have you read the article in todays newspaper?（一般疑问句）Yes，I have./No，I havent.（肯定、否定回答）Have your mother finish cooking ?（一般
3、疑问句）Yes，she has./No，she hasnt.（肯定、否定回答）They havent written to their parents.（否定句）Where have you been all this afternoon?（特殊疑问句）2.现在完成时的用法（1）现在完成时表示目前为止已经完成的动作，常与just，already，yet，ever，never，recently，before，twice，three times等时间状语连用。这种用法的特点在于动作发生在过去，而强调的是目前的结果或状态。如：I have seen the film already.Have you
4、 seen my bag?He has bought a new car recently?I havent heard from Jane lately.注意：现在完成时不能和明确表示过去时间的状语连用，如ago，yesterday，last year，at that time，then等表示过去的时间及when等引导的时间状语从句。（2）现在完成时还用于表示过去开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for，since引起的时间或how long连用。如： I have collected coins for many years. George has been in business s
5、ince he finished college. I have studied English since 2005. How long have you stayed in the city?注意：短暂动作的动词leave（离开），arrive（到达），come（来），go（去），return（归还），join（参加），die（死），buy（买），borrow（借），begin（开始），lose（丢失），marry（结婚），stop（停）等，在完成时态的肯定句中的不能与for或since等引导的表示“段”的时间连用，但在否定句中可以。如：（误）He has arrived here for
6、 three days.（正）He has been here for three days.（正）I havent met him for two years.为了汉语表达的需要，短暂动作的动词与for，since引起的时间或how long连用时，要用相应的另一个延续性动词来代替。如：I have bought a mobile phone from the shop.I have had the mobile phone for a week.He has become a doctor.He has been a doctor for a year.I have borrowed th
7、e book from the library.I have kept the book for three days.His grandfather has died.His grandfather has been dead for a year.Zhang Hui has joined the League.Zhang Hui has been a League member for half a year.Our teacher has left the school.Our teacher has been away from school for two hours.（3）部分相互
8、替代的非延续性动词和延续性动词。买buyhave借borrowkeep到达arrivestay穿put onhave on/wear结婚merrybe married认识get to knowknow回来come backbe back离开leavebe away参加joinbe a member死亡diebe dead关闭turn offbe off来/去come/gobe in打开turn onbe on动身leave forbe off感冒catch a coldhave a cold成为becomebe返回returnbe back开始beginbe on入睡go to sleepbe
9、 asleep睡觉go to bedsleep到达get to/arrive/reachbe in3.have gone to与have been to的区别*“have gone to+某地”，意为“某人到某地去了”，指某人可能在去某地的路上，或者已到达某地，也许在返回途中，总之，某人已不在说话地点。如：Ha has gone to Beijing.（他不在这里了）He has gone to Hong Kong.（他现在已不在本地）*“have been to+某地”，意为“某人曾经去过某地”。指某人以前去过，现在不在那里。如：Has has been to Beijing.（现在他已回来
10、了）Have you been to Hong Kong?（现在已不在香港）4.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别*一般过去时所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没有关系，现在完成时所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去发生的事情对现在产生的结果或现在的影响，或一直持续着。如：Did you go to Canada last year?（表示去年发生的行为）Have you been to Canada?（问现在的情况，即你对那里了解多少）*现在完成时表示过去某时发生的动作，其结果影响或持续到现在。如：I have learned the lesson by heart.（我现在可以背诵了）I have lost my watch.（我现在仍然没有表）=I lost my watch and I have no watch now.He bought a house ten years ago.（现在是否还拥有那栋房子就说不定了）He has bought a house.（到说话的时候他仍然拥有那栋房子）
