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1、1一、名词【考点直击】1可数名词和不可数名词的用法; 2名词所有格的构成及用法;3近义名词的辨析。【名师点睛】一、名词的数 1单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要 变法如下:(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:bookbooks,girlgirls,boyboys,penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。(2) 以 s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:busbuses,classclasses,boxboxes,watchwatches,brushbrushes。 (3)以 ce, se, ze,(d)ge 结
2、尾的名词加 s,例如:orangeoranges。(4)以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加 s,如:boyboys, daydays。(5)以 o 结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:heroheroes,potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoozoos,radioradios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photophotos
3、,pianopianos 。(6) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的词,多数变 f 为 v 再加-es,例如:knifeknives,leafleaves, halfhalves。复数词尾 s(或 es)的读音方法如下表所示。复数词尾 s(或 es)的读音方法情况 读法 例词 在ptkf等清辅音后 s cups, hats, cakes 在szt F等音后 iz glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在bd v等浊辅音后 z beds, dogs, cities, knives (7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:manmen,womanwom
4、en,toothteeth,footfeet,childchildren,mousemice。【注意】与 man 和 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但 German 不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman 等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:menworkers, women teachers。有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish 等。但当fish 表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。(8)单数形
5、式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police 等。2(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称:bowls专有名词:the United States, Niagara Fal
6、ls其他名词:news, falls2不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:(1)用 much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any 等表示多少,例如:The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass?I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice(2)用 a piece of 这类定语,例如:a pi
7、ece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用 a lot of, lots of, some, any, much 等来修饰。二、名词的所有格 名词所有格,
8、 用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,其复数形式是 s,例如:a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。2. 如其结尾不是 s 的复数形式仍加 s,如:Childrens Day。3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s,例如:a twenty minutes walk,ten miles journey,a boats length,two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结构,例如:
9、a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 s,则表示“分别有”,例如:Johns and Marys rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Toms and Marys bikes(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列,只有一个s,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Marys room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Marys mother
10、(即 Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹)。【实例解析】31.(2004 年上海徐汇区中考试题)These _ have saved many childrens lives.A. woman doctors B. women doctorC. women doctors D. woman doctor答案:C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。wo man 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2. (2004 年河北省中考试题)This is _ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Ja
11、nesC. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes答案:D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一 个房间时,只在后面的名词后加s。3. (2004 年吉林省中考试题)-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some.A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep答案:D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有 sheep 可用作复数名词。4. (2004 年佛山市中考试题)-What would you like to drink, _ or orang
12、e?-Orange, please.A. hamburger B. chip C. tea答案:C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有 tea 能喝。【中考演练】一. 单项填空1- Where have you been, Tim?- Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The Henrys home D. Henrys2In England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C
13、. breakfast D. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ?- Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of wat
14、ers5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is the _ .A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name48The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Ger
15、manys D. Ger mans9The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11Whats your _ for being late again?A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. wome