《《遗传学概论》幻灯片课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《遗传学概论》幻灯片课件（66页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Introduction and History of Immunology,Weilin Chen, Ph.D Institute of immunology, ZJU Phone:88208282 Email:,Lecture 1, History of Immunology Immune system Innate immunity Adaptive immunity,Text book: Medical Immunology 5th ed（金伯泉） References: Natural Review of Immunology Annual Review of Immunology,
2、Immunity,Immunity: refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body. The term “immunity” was first used in 1775 by Van Sweiten, a Dutch physician, as “immunitas” to describe the effects induced by an early attempt at variolization.,Var
3、iolation, To induce immunity deliberately were performed by the Chinese in the 1200 a technique called variolation Edward Jenner an English country doctor in 1798, took the scrab from Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaids and inserted into arm of James Phipps, a 8-year old boy. Eight weeks later, James was chal
4、lenged with the deadly smallpox.,Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Pasteur called the attenuated strain as “Vaccine”. The latin word “vacca=cow” in honor of Jenners work. Attenuated vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies On July 4, 1886, 9-year-old Joseph Meister was bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog， Pas
5、teur treated him with his attenuated rabies vaccine two days later. Meister survived. Joseph Meister later become a gatekeeper for the Pasteur Institute. In 1940, when he was ordered by the German occupiers to open Pasteurs crypt, Joseph Meister refused and committed suicide!,Robert Koch (1843-1910)
6、 German physician; also started to work on Anthrax in 1870s. Identified the spore stage. First time the causative agent of an infectious disease was identified. Discovered the tubercle bacillus and tuberculin. Detailed tuberculin skin test (DTH). Awarded 1905 Nobel Prize.,Emil Adolf von Behring (185
7、4 1917) A Student of Koch With Kitasato and Wernike, discovered anti-toxin for Diphtheria and Tetanus and applied as therapy. Awarded first Nobel Prize in physiology, 1901,Paul Ehrlich (1854 1915) Developed a series of tissue-staining dyes including that for tubercle bacillus. Worked with Koch. Deve
8、loped anti-toxin (Diphtheria) and hemalysis Side-chain theory of antibody formation: surface receptors bound by lock Ag stimulated receptors Shared 1908 Nobel Prize with Metchnikoff.,Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) Embryologist studying starfish development. Found phagocytosis. Phagocytes from larva st
9、uck on thorn from a tangerine tree. Later he found a fungal spore attached to a phagocyte of Daphnia. Formed the basis of leukocyte phagocytosis. Birth of cellular immunology Shared Nobel Prize with Ehrlich in 1908,Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985) Important work on influenza. Discovery of an
10、influenza viral enzyme with the specificity for particular forms of neuramic acid. Used today for detection. Clonal selection theory to explain tolerance 1960 Nobel Prize for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. Rejection of donor grafts was due to an immunological reaction and that to
11、lerance can be built up by injections into embryos.,Gerald M. Edelman 1929-,Rodney R. Porter 1917-1985,1972 Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.,BARUJ BENACERRAF,JEAN DAUSSET,GEORGE D. SNELL,Discovered genes that regulate immune responses (Ir gene), Now
12、known ad the major histocompatibility antigens 1980 Noble prize,Niels K. Jerne (1912-1994) Antibody avidity maturation Plaque forming assay Pre-existing repertoire (in host DNA) theory helped the formation of clonal selection theory. Host MHC is the driving force for the maturation and selection of
13、T cells in the thymus. *Idiotype network Nobel Prize, 1984, for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.,Milstein (b. 1927) and Khler (1946-1995) Monoclonal antibody,Susumu Tonegawa
14、 (b. 1939) Cloning of the Immunoglobulin gene 1987 Nobel prize for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.,Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel Two signals 1996 Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defense.,
15、Why we need to study immunology?,New emerging diseases are close to us,Resurrection of 1918 Flu From Sequenced Fragments,HIV and AIDS,Autoimmunity,Allergy,Graft rejection,Skin co-stimulatory signal Effective cell B cell-Antibody; T cell-CTL Memory cell,adaptive immune response,adaptive immune respon
16、se,Immune Response,Phagocytic cells,Monocytes/Macrophages functions:1 remove particulate antigens 2 take up,process and present antigenic peptides to T cells distribution:Kupffer cells in the liver microglial cells in the brain,Phagocytic cells,monocyte,Phagocytic cells,Neutrophils 1.neutrophils are short-lived phagocytic cells multilobed nucleus; 10-20m 2.neutrophils have a large arsenal（军火库，兵工厂） of antibiotic protein granules:lysosomes;l
