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1、Systems Engineering,系统工程 鄢萍 教授/博导,31.10.2020,2,Course Name: Systems Engineering Course Hours and Credits: 30 Hs, 2Scrs Textbook: Introduction to System Engineering Andre P. Sage George Mason University Introduction to Operation Research, Seventh Edition, Prof. Hiller, Stanford University 系统工程教程：喻湘存，
2、熊曙初，清华大学出版社 系统工程，第三版，汪应洛，机械工业出版社,31.10.2020,3,31.10.2020,4,31.10.2020,5,Testing: Normal Testing, but the answer should be written in English.,Chapter 1 Introduction to Systems Engineering,31.10.2020,7,Introduction to Systems Engineering,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW 1.2 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINE
3、ERING 1.3 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 1.4 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE 1.5 The APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING,31.10.2020,8,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,Because systems engineering is often described as a new way of thinking, we need to describe what we mean by the systems point of vie
4、w. This will lead us to see that it is not really new. The systems perspective takes a big picture or holistic, or gestalt, view of large-scale problems and their proposed technological solutions.,31.10.2020,9,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,This means that systems engineers not only examine the speci
5、fics(细节) of the problem under consideration but also investigate relevant factors in the surrounding environment. They realize that problems are embedded in a situation or environment that can have significant impacts on the problem and its proposed alternative solutions. This is not to say that sys
6、tems engineers do not get very detailed or specific far from it. There is also much effort devoted to in scoping, high-fidelity modeling, and specification of system requirements and architecture.,31.10.2020,10,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,The systems viewpoint stresses（讲述了） that there usually is n
7、ot a single correct answer or solution to a large-scale problem or design issue. Instead, there are many different alternatives （可选方案） that can be developed and implemented depending on the objectives （目标） the system is to serve and the values of the people and organizations with a stake in the solu
8、tion. Lets add more detail to what we mean by the systems point of view.,31.10.2020,11,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,First, a system is defined as a group of components that work together for a specified purpose. This is a very simple but correct definition. Purposeful action is a basic characterist
9、ic of a system. A number of functions must be implemented in order to achieve these purposes. This means that systems have functions. They are designed to do specific tasks.,31.10.2020,12,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,Systems are often classified（分类） by their ultimate purpose: service-oriented syste
10、ms, product-oriented systems, or process-oriented systems. An airport can be viewed as an example of a service system. The planes, pilots, mechanics, ticket agents, runways, and concourses are all components that work together to provide transport service to passengers and freight. An automobile ass
11、embly plant is an example of a product-oriented system. The raw materials, people, and machines all work together to produce a finished car. A refinery that changes crude oil into gasoline is an example of a process-oriented system.,31.10.2020,13,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,We note here that the s
12、ystems considered by systems engineers may be service systems, or they may be product systems. The systems may be systems designed for use by an individual or by groups of individuals. These systems may be private sector systems, or they may be government or public sector systems.,31.10.2020,14,1.1
13、THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,For Example, An overhead projector（高射投影仪） may be viewed as a system. So may the combination of an overhead projector, a screen on which it projects, and a set of overheads. The instructor using the overhead may also be included in the notion of system. From another perspect
14、ive, the combination of the overhead, screen, overheads, instructor, and students may be regarded as a system.“ Thus, when we use a term such as engineer a system, we must be very careful to define the nature of the system that we wish to engineer and what is included in. and exempted from, the noti
15、on of system. We must also be very concerned with the interfaces to the system that we are engineering.,31.10.2020,15,1.1 THE SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW,The systems point of view also recognizes that a problem and its solution have many elements or components, and there are many different relations among
16、 them. The important aspects of a problem are often a function of how the components interact. Simple aggregation of individual aspects of a problem is intuitively appealing but often wrong. The whole is often not simply the sum of its parts. Often, much more is involved. This does not suggest at all that scientific analysis, in which an issue is disaggregated into a number of component issues and understanding sought of the individual issues, is in any way improper.,31.10.2020,16
