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1、1 European Commission Directorate-General for Energy and Transport Measure: A3 Thematic priority: TOOLS FOR PLANNING, DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF RES INTEGRATION SCHEMES Full title of the action: RENEWABLE ENERGY DRIVEN DESALINATION SYSTEMS Proposal acronym: REDDES Contract number: 4.1030/Z/01-081/2001
2、 Deliverable: D4 RES Desalination Coupling Schemes: A technological database Submitted by: REGIONAL ENERGY AGENCY OF DODECANESE 2 Table of contents 1.INTRODUCTION.4 2.THERMAL PROCESSES.8 2.1.MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION (MSF).9 2.2.MULTI EFFECT DISTILLATION.11 2.3.VAPOR COMPRESSION DISTILLATION (V
3、C).12 2.4.SOLAR DISTILLATION.13 3.MEMBRANE PROCESSES.14 3.1.REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO).14 3.2.ELECTRODIALYSIS (ED).16 3.3.OTHER PROCESSES.18 4.THERMODYNAMICS OF AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF DESALINATION.18 4.1.THERMODYNAMICS OF THERMAL PROCESSES.19 4.1.1.MED and MFD processes.19 4.1.2.Vapour compression.20
4、4.2.THERMODYNAMICS OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES.21 4.2.1.Reverse osmosis .21 4.3.ENERGY REQUIREMENTS.22 5.COST ANALYSIS, TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF DESALINATION PROCESS.24 6.RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.29 6.1.SOLAR ENERGY (PV).29 6.1.1.Overview .29 6.1.2.Modelling of solar energy.31 6.1.3.Cost of
5、photovoltaic electricity .31 6.2.WIND ENERGY.33 6.2.1.Overview .33 6.2.2.Modelling of wind energy.33 6.2.3.Cost of wind energy.35 6.3.GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.38 6.3.1.Overview .38 6.3.2.Cost of geothermal energy.39 7.COUPLING OF DESALINATION WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.44 7.1.SOLAR THERMAL-DISTILLATION
6、PROCESSES.45 7.2.SOLAR PV - RO OR ED.46 7.3.WIND-RO/ED/VC .46 7.4.GEOTHERMAL-DISTILLATION PROCESSES (MED & MSF) .47 7.5.SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES.47 3 8.EXISTING RES DESALINATION UNITS .52 8.1.WIND.52 8.2.SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY AND DISTILLATION PLANT.53 8.3.SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS AND REVERSE OSMOSIS OR ELECTRODIALYSIS.54 8.4.GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND DISTILLATION PROCESSES.54 9.REFERENCES.56 4 1. Introduction Desalination is a treatment process that removes salts from water. Saline solutions
