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1、LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKINGby Karey Perkins,RHETORICAL APPEALS: USING LOGOS, ETHOS, PATHOS,LOGOS = LOGIC and REASON= Soundness of facts, evidence, statistics, and reasoning; soundness of authoritys statements outside self; well-documented evidence ETHOS = Credibility and reliability of writer him/he
2、rself; character and reputation of the author PATHOS = EMOTION = Appeal to needs, values, and attitudes; uses the emotional power of language,LOGOS: Reason, Facts,ACMEs new dihydro-cesium detonation process By combining cesium and dihydro-oxide in laboratory conditions, and capturing the released en
3、ergy, ACME has promised to lead the way into the future. Our energy source is clean, safe, and powerful, according to laboratory tests. In 20 tests conducted over a period of 5 years, no pollutants were released into the atmosphere. The world will soon have an excellent source of clean energy. ACME
4、is currently working toward a patent on our process. Our scientists are exploring ways to use the process in cars, houses, airplanes, and almost anything else that needs power. ACME batteries will be refitted with small dihydro-cesium reactors. Once the entire world is powered by ACMEs generators, w
5、e can all relax and enjoy a much easier life.,ETHOS: Credibility of Source,Acme Gizmotronics, the company that youve trusted for over 100 years, has recently entered the World Wide Web! Now you can purchase our fine products through the Internet. Our quality gizmos, widgets, and thingamabobs can be
6、shipped to you within minutes. All come with the famous lifetime guarantee that makes Acme the company that the world depends on for its gizmo needs.,PATHOS: Emotional Appeals,CESIUM-BASED REACTOR KILLS! A baby turtle breaks free from the leathery shell of its egg, catching its first glimpse of its
7、first sunrise. It pauses a moment to rest, unaware of the danger that lies so close to it. As the tide comes in, approaching the nest, it also approaches a small pile of metal: cesium. The water draws closer and closer, the turtle unsuspecting of the danger. Finally, the water touches the cesium. Th
8、e nest is torn to bits in the resulting explosion, destroying even more of an endangered species. Why does this happen? One name: Acme. (Examples from: The Art of Rhetoric: Learning How to Use the Three Main Rhetorical Styles. Available at: (http:/www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/webclass/web/project1/group4/ )
9、,Inductive and Deductive Reasoning,Inductive Reasoning: Reasons from specific to general Notices many facts and comes to a general conclusion No certainty possible Deductive Reasoning: Reasons from general to specific Starts with a hypothesis and inserts a fact and comes to a conclusion based on hyp
10、othesis Certainty can be possible if valid and true syllogism (say some people),INDUCTIVE REASONING,Reasoning from sensory observation of specific facts/evidence to general conclusion With inductive reasoning, there can NEVER be certainty, because only ONE example can modify or refute the conclusion
11、. (This example can come from any future event, or events in remote places and times we are not able to observe.) Based on an accumulation of many facts (one fact = “x”): Observation of: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Equals General Statement about Xs in future,Examples of inductive
12、 reasoning,If I jump off the building, I will fall to the ground. (More specifically: Every time something with weight and mass is released from any height, it falls to the ground. Therefore, all things fall to the ground (law of gravity). Based on an evaluation and observation of multiple studies o
13、f adolescents who value peers more than parents, Judith Rich Harris concludes that peers matter more than parents in this age group. Whenever it snows or rains, it will eventually stop snowing or raining. So far all U.S. presidents have been male. Therefore, the next U.S. president will be male.,Fau
14、lty Inductive Reasoning,Today I saw an 80 year old lady driving 40 miles an hour on 285, a 95 year old man going 50 mph on 400, and a 70 year old guy going 20 mph on Haynes Bridge Road. Conclusion: Old people drive slow. (This is a “stereotype,” or logical fallacy of inductive origin.) Jesse Helms s
15、aid in the Mexican Foreign Affairs Subcommittee (to prevent immigration from Mexico): “All Latins are volatile.” (This is a “stereotype,” or logical fallacy of inductive origin.),Deductive Reasoning,Reasoning from general tenets and premises to specific conclusions. With deductive reasoning, there C
16、AN be certainty. Syllogisms follow this format: Major Premise (general truth about life/humans) Minor Premise (specific fact that falls under the truth) Conclusion (a conclusion that can be drawn about the specific fact based on the first generalization),Syllogism Examples,Correct Syllogism: Major Premise: All mammals are warm-blooded animals. Minor Premise: No lizards are warm-blooded animals. Conclusion: Therefore, no lizards are mammals. Correct Syllogism: Major Premise: All humans ar
