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1、 胡壮麟语言学教程胡壮麟语言学教程 学习指导学习指导 Linguistics 目目 录录 目录目录 3 第一部分第一部分 各章节提纲笔记各章节提纲笔记 4 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 4 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 8 Chapter 3 Lexicon 14 Chapter 4 Syntax 21 Chapter 5 Meaning 26 Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind 29 Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society 35 Chapter 8 L
2、anguage in Use 38 Chapter 9 Language and Literature44 Chapter 10 Language and Computer 49 Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 53 Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 59 第二部分第二部分 重点章节测试题重点章节测试题 67 Test One Invitations to Linguistics 67 Test Two Phonetics and Phonolog
3、y 70 Test Three Morphology 73 Test Four Syntax 76 Test Five Semantics 79 Test Six Pragmatics 82 Test Seven Language, Culture and Society 85 Test Eight Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 88 第三部分第三部分 测试题参考答案测试题参考答案 91 参考书目参考书目 100 Linguistics 第一部分第一部分 各章节提纲笔记各章节提纲笔记 Chapter 1 Invitations to Li
4、nguistics 1.1 Why study language? 1. Language is very essential to human beings. 2. In language there are many things we should know. 3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically. 1.2 What is language? Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary
5、 vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of
6、 linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1
7、.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endle
8、ss sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 1.4 Origin of language 1. The bow- wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds o
9、f the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that. Linguistics 2. The pooh- pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. 3. The “yo- he- ho” theory As primiti
10、ve people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its o
11、wn sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. Halliday (1994) proposes a theory of metafunctio
12、ns of language. It means that language has three metafunctions: 1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer; 2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships; 3. Textual function: refer
13、ring to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken and written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences. According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions: 1.5.1 Informative The informative
14、function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information. 1.5.2 Interpersonal function The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. 1.5.3 Performative The performative function of lang
15、uage is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. 1.5.4 Emotive function The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of langua
16、ge because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. 1.5.5 Phatic communion The phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless Linguistics expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content. 1.5.6 Recreational function The recreational funct
