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1、专题十一推理判断,高考英语（浙江专用）,一、遵循文章主旨,利用文章结构 一篇文章所有的信息都和文章的主旨有密切的联系,所以,整体上理解文章是提高推理判断类题目正确率的关键。我们可以从文章的各个段意来综合推断出文章的主旨,从而根据主旨来进行特定的推理判断。阅读时,我们首先要从整体上把握语篇意义,这样才能透过字里行间体会作者的“弦外之音”,理解作者的意图和态度。推理判断题不能毫无根据地凭主观臆断作出推理,也不能妄加猜测,对表面文字信息作多步推理,必须忠实于原文,以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据,使作出的,方法技巧,推理合乎文意。其主要方法是:快速阅读全文后,根据题干和四个选项的内容,在原文中找出
2、相关信息,仔细分析,吃透其字面意义,然后对四个选项逐个分析并进行对比,那些对相关信息进行同义改写或综合表达的选项通常是问题的答案。另外,还要结合文章所属话题的背景知识即考生的经验和常识作出合理的推理判断。此外,要特别注意的是选项中经常出现文章的原句,虽然没错,但这不是推断出的内容;还有些选项,推断出的内容离原文意义太远,找不到确切的根据,这些肯定不是答案。 做题时必须明确推理判断题的正确选项要和文章的主旨在信息和色彩上一致。推断内容不是独立的内容,而一定是和文章的主旨信息一致的信息链。因此,在做推理判断题时,一定要注意和文章主旨的一致性。即如果文章的主旨对相关的信息是积极的,那么其设题的目的大
3、多是积 极的,反之,则会是消极的。,例The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter,so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota,Florida,my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine”.I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C),thinking of beaches and orange trees.When
4、 we touched down to blue skies and warm air,I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.Swimming pools,wine tasting,and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours,not 4 in the afternoon)filled the weekend,but the best partparticularly to my taste,dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetableswas a 7 a.m.ad
5、venture to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.,The market,which was founded in 1979,sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 a.m.to 1 p.m.,rain or shine,along North Lemon and State streets.Baskets of perfect red strawberries;the red-painted sides of t
6、he Java Dawg coffee truck;and most of all,the tomatoes:amazing,large,soft and round red tomatoes. Disappointed by many a broken,vine-ripened(蔓上成熟的)promise,Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years.No matter how attractive they look in the store,once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry,hard,and
7、 tasteless.But I homed in,with uncertainty,on one particular table at the Browns Grove Farms stand,full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real dealand at that moment,I realized that the best,part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New Yo
8、rk I wouldnt be experiencing again for months. Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight,my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty,a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton,whereluckily for meI was planning to have dinner that v
9、ery night.Without even seeing the menu,I knew Id be ordering every tomato on it. What did the author think of her winter life in New York? A.Exciting.B.Boring. C.Relaxing.D.Annoying.,分析在本文的第一段,作者就用不少的篇幅描写了对西北地区的厌倦和对佛罗里达的向往。第二、三段,作者用对比的方式表明自己对新的地方的喜欢,对纽约的讨厌。因此,从整个文章中都可以看出作者对纽约的冬季生活是感到厌倦的,故B项正确。 二、准确定
10、位相关信息,根据上下文做出正确判断 推理判断很多情况下是对特定信息的判断。因此,抓准相关信息是解题的重要手段。在定位了相关的信息后,根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。对此类题,要弄清并把握作者的写作思路,绝不能按自己的主观经验去推理。,例500 dog owners played the same games at home that researchers use in the laboratory and contributed data to a study of what goes on inside the minds of thei
11、r dogs. In one of the games, the dogs watched as their owners hid food under one of two cups. Then while the dogs eyes were covered, the owner switched the food to the other cup. And the owners found that most dogs went to where they last saw the food. The result has been repeated in seven different
12、 research groups and more than a dozen different studies. “Most people think dogs use their sense of smell for everything,”a researcher said. “But actually dogs use a whole range of senses when solving problems.”,The data were collected through a website called D that was developed by Brian Hare, an
13、 associate professor who studies dog cognition(认知). Analysis of the unusually large data set created by D has also found that all dogs have a unique set of cognitive(认知的)skills that they use to deal with the world around them. Some dogs were found to be good communicators, some had better memories a
14、nd others were better at taking their owners perspective. “Most people think of intelligence as a glass that is more or less full,”Hare said.“But intelligence is more like ice cream. Everybody has differ-ent flavors. Being good at one thing doesnt mean you will be good at ev- erything else.”,Hare sa
15、id these kinds of findings were only possible with the big data sets that citizen scientists were able to offer. “So much is possible when you have this much data,”Hare said. “Im looking forward to dog owners answering all the big questions that have puzzled scientists for decades.” What can we infe
16、r from what Hare said? A.Intelligence is unique to man and dogs. B.Dogs use the same cognitive skill to handle problems. C.There is still something about dogs puzzling scientists. D.Dogs use a whole range of senses when solving problems.,分析本题的关键信息是Hare,因此我们就可以主要定位Hare所说的话的相关部分信息。从Hare所讲的话,也就是文章的最后两段可以知道,有关这个问题的答案还要等更大的数据才能确定。因此C项正确。要特别注意本题D项有一定的干扰。尽管该句子所表述的意思是对的,但是和题干中的Hare是不相关的。 三、根据文章中所使用的词语的感情色彩来推断信息 文章中所使用的描述相关信息的词语色彩可以为推理判断提供有效的线索。,例Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone, not in
