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1、哈耶克，社会中知识的利用 wwy 第 1 页 2007-7-9 社会中知识的利用 哈耶克 What is the problem we wish to solve when we try to construct a rational economic order? On certain familiar assumptions the answer is simple enough. If we possess all the relevant information, if we can start out from a given system of preferences, and i
2、f we command complete knowledge of available means, the problem which remains is purely one of logic. That is, the answer to the question of what is the best use of the available means is implicit in our assumptions. The conditions which the solution of this optimum problem must satisfy have been fu
3、lly worked out and can be stated best in mathematical form: put at their briefest, they are that the marginal rates of substitution between any two commodities or factors must be the same in all their different uses. 当我们试图建立一个合理的经济 秩序时，我们希望解决的问题是什 么？在一些熟知的假设条件下，答案 十分简单。如果我们拥有全部相关信 息，如果我们能够从一组给定的消费 者
4、偏好出发，如果我们拥有可供使用 的手段的全部知识，剩下的问题只是 一个单纯的逻辑问题。也就是说，可 供使用的手段的最优利用问题的答案 就隐含在我们的假设之中。这个最优 化问题的解必须满足的条件已经被弄 得十分清楚，且能够很好地用数学表 述如下：简单说，这些条件是，任何 两种物品或要素在所有不同用途之间 的边际替代率相等。 This, however, is emphatically not the economic problem which society faces. And the economic calculus which we have developed to solve th
5、is logical problem, though an important step toward the solution of the economic problem of society, does not yet provide an answer to it. The reason for this is that the data from which the economic calculus starts are never for the whole society given to a single mind which could work out the impl
6、ications and can never be so given. 然而，值得强调的是，这并非社 会面对的经济问题。为了解决这个逻 辑问题，我们发展了经济核算，向社 会经济问题的解决迈出了重要一步， 但尚未提供一个答案。这是因为，就 整个社会来说，作为经济核算的出发 点的“数据(data)”从来也不会“给定”给 一个能够弄清楚这些数据的含义的单 个头脑，而且这样的数据也无法如此 “给定”。 The peculiar character of the problem of a rational economic order is determined precisely by the fac
7、t that the knowledge of the circumstances of which we must make use never exists in concentrated or integrated form but solely as the dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the separate individuals possess. The economic problem of society is thus not merely a p
8、roblem of how to allocate given resourcesif given is taken to mean given to a single mind which deliberately solves the problem set by these data. It is rather a problem of how to secure the best use of resources known to any of the members of society, for ends whose relative 合理经济秩序问题的特殊性恰恰 取决于如下事实：
9、我们必须利用有关 我们的处境的知识，但这些知识从来 也不会以集中或整体的形式存在，而 是人们分散地特有的支离破碎且常常 相互矛盾的知识碎片。因此，社会经 济问题不仅仅是如何配置“给定的”资 源如果这里的“给定”指将其给定给 单个头脑来精心解决这些“数据”所界 定的问题的话。社会经济问题更多地 是如何确保社会的每个成员所知道的 资源得到最优使用，将其用于相对重 要性仅仅为个人所知的目的。 简单说， 哈耶克，社会中知识的利用 wwy 第 2 页 2007-7-9 importance only these individuals know. Or, to put it briefly, it is
10、 a problem of the utilization of knowledge which is not given to anyone in its totality. 社会经济问题是知识的利用问题，对 于任何人来说，这些知识都不是完全 给定的。 This character of the fundamental problem has, I am afraid, been obscured rather than illuminated by many of the recent refinements of economic theory, particularly by many
11、 of the uses made of mathematics. Though the problem with which I want primarily to deal in this paper is the problem of a rational economic organization, I shall in its course be led again and again to point to its close connections with certain methodological questions. Many of the points I wish t
12、o make are indeed conclusions toward which diverse paths of reasoning have unexpectedly converged. But, as I now see these problems, this is no accident. It seems to me that many of the current disputes with regard to both economic theory and economic policy have their common origin in a misconcepti
13、on about the nature of the economic problem of society. This misconception in turn is due to an erroneous transfer to social phenomena of the habits of thought we have developed in dealing with the phenomena of nature. 我担心，近期经济学理论的很多 提炼，尤其是数学的大量使用，非但 没有把这个基本问题的这一特征弄清 楚，反而将其弄得含糊了。在这篇文 章中，我首先想说明的问题是合理
14、经 济组织问题，但在我的论述中，我不 得不一再指出其与某些方法论问题的 密切联系。事实上，我要给出的要点 是很多不同思路不谋而合的共同结 论。不过，现在看来，这也绝非偶然。 在我看来，目前关于经济理论和经济 政策的很多争论都源于对社会经济问 题的本质的误解。这一误解源于我们 错误地把为了研究自然现象而发展起 来的思维习惯用于研究社会现象。 II In ordinary language we describe by the word planning the complex of interrelated decisions about the allocation of our availa
15、ble resources. All economic activity is in this sense planning; and in any society in which many people collaborate, this planning, whoever does it, will in some measure have to be based on knowledge which, in the first instance, is not given to the planner but to somebody else, which somehow will h
16、ave to be conveyed to the planner. The various ways in which the knowledge on which people base their plans is communicated to them is the crucial problem for any theory explaining the economic process, and the problem of what is the best way of utilizing knowledge initially dispersed among all the people is at least one of the main problems of economic policyor of designing an efficient economic system. II 在日常用语中，“计划”一词指关 于可供利用的资源的分配的一系列决 策的联合体。在这个意义上，所有经 济活动都是计划。而且，在有很多人 合作的社会
