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1、Unit 1 A land of diversity Section Grammar-名词性从句（主 语从句、宾语从句和表语从句） 语法图解 探究发现 Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likelythat Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believethat t
2、hese settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. It is believed thatbefore long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there w
3、ill be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 我的发现 (1) 以上各句皆为主从复合句，句中用了相当于名词作用的从句( 即名词性从句)在句中 充当成分。 (2) 名词性从句在句中可作介词的宾语( 句) ，动词的宾语( 句) 。 (3) 名词性从句在句中可作主语，且可用it作形式主语，真正的主语从句置于句末( 句 、 ) 。 (4) 名词性从句在句中可作表语( 句) 。 一、主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的定义及特点 ( 一) 主语从句 主语从
4、句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。 Whether the sports meet will be held is not certain now. 运动会是否将举行现在不能确定。 How the book will sell depends on its author. 这本书销售如何取决于作者本人。 Where we shall have the meeting makes no difference. 我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。 名师点津 若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it ，把真正的主语从句放于后 面。 That she will do well in her ex
5、am is certain. It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 她在考试中会做得好，这是确定无疑的。 ( 二) 宾语从句 1作及物动词的宾语 Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter. 每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。 2作介词的宾语 如 ： besides that .“ 除 之 外 ” ； but that .“ 若 不 是 ” ； except that .“除了”； in that .“在于；因为”。 Is there anything wrong in what
6、 I said? 我所说的有错误之处吗？ These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer. 这两个地区相似，因为在夏天降水都很多。 3动态形容词后 形容词后跟宾语从句的用法只限于少数动态形容词，如sure( 确信 ) ，certain(肯定 ) ， afraid(担心 ) ，confident(有把握的 )等。 Im not certain whether the train will arrive on time. 我不确信火车是否将会按时到达。 4注意事项 (1) 宾语从句的否定转移：th
7、ink, believe, suppose, imagine等动词后的宾语从句中 的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I dont think we need to waste much time on it. 我想我们不必在这上面浪费太多时间。( 形式上否定主句，实际上还是否定从句) (2) 宾语从句中不能省略that的情况。 动词后有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，紧跟动词后的宾语从句可以省去that ，其余 的宾语从句前的that 一般不能省去。 I believe (that) you have done your best and that th
8、ings will improve. 我相信你已经尽全力了，事情会好起来的。( 第二个 that 不能省 ) (3) “doubt宾语从句”的应用。 肯定句中用whether 或 if ，否定句和疑问句中用that 。 I doubt whether he can pass the exam. 我怀疑他是否能够通过此次考试。 I dont doubt that he can pass the exam. 我不怀疑他能通过此次考试。 Do you doubt that he can pass the exam? 你怀疑他能通过此次考试吗？ ( 三) 表语从句 1表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连
9、系动词之后，一般结构为“主语连系动词 表语从句”。 The question is whether we can finish the work in time. 问题是我们是否能及时完成这项工作。 2可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem, sound等。 You look as if you slept badly. 看你那样子仿佛没睡好觉。 The fact remains that we are still not advanced enough. 事实依然是我们还是不够先进。 名师点津 (1) 表语从句实际上是对主语进行补充说明，从句表达的是主语的内容。
10、 The fact is that he didnt notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到汽车时已经太晚了。 (2) 主句的主语是名词idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement等 时，表语从句应用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should 动词原形”。 My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of setting it aside. 我的建议是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不是把它放在一边
11、。 即时演练1 选词填空 (2016北京高考改编)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust. (that/what) (2015北京高考改编)How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. (where/how) (2014山东高考改编)It is difficult for us to imagine what life was like for slaves in the ancient
12、world. (what/which) (2013安徽高考改编)From space, the earth looks blue. This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. (why/because) (2013 陕 西 高 考 改 编 )It remains to be seen whether the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice. (if/whether) That he had met a k
13、ind librarian in the city library gave us no surprise. (that/what) 二、连接词 ( 一)that, whether 和 if 1连接词that that 引导从句时，本身无意义，在从句中不充当成分。但是that在引导主语从句、表 语从句时，一般不能省略；在引导宾语从句时，常被省略；但是以下两种情况除外： (1) 多个并列从句出现时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。 (2) 含有形式主语it时，放于后面的宾语从句不能省略that 。 That he suddenly fell ill made us surprised.
14、他突然生病让我们震惊。 She said (that) she would return that book next week. 她说她将于下周归还那本书。 She said (that)she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday. 她说她将会来这儿并让我等到星期一。 They made it clear to the public that they did an important and necessary job. 他们向公众表明：他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。 The fact is that we
15、are behind other groups. 事实是我们落后于其他小组。 2连接词whether 和 if (1) 连接词 whether/if在从句中意为“是否”，不充当成分，一般不能省略。 (2) 主语从句位于句首时只能用whether ； 当用 it作形式主语时， whether 与 if都可以。 (3) 表语从句中常用whether 。 (4) 宾语从句中连接词whether 和 if常常可以互换。 Whether he passed the exam was not certain. It was not certain whether/if he passed the exam
16、. 不确定他是否通过了考试。 The question is whether we should ask them for help. 问题是我们是否应该向他们寻求帮助。 I wonder whether/if hell agree with me. 我想知道他是否会同意我。 名师点津 宾语从句中用whether 不用 if的三种情况： (1) 与 or not连用 We dont know whether Tom will turn up at the meeting or not. 我们不知道汤姆是否会参加会议。 (2) 位于介词之后 Everything depends on whether you are for it. 每件事情都取决于你是否赞成它。 (3) 位于动词不定式之前 I dont know whether to believe him. 我不知道是否该相信他。 ( 二) 连接代词what, whi
