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1、. . . . .阅读技巧及应试策略第1节 常用阅读技巧及运用范例阅读理解是一个复杂的感知和理解语言的过程，但这并不意味着其无章可循。心理学、心理语言学、认知科学等学科的研究结果表明，理解的过程实际上就是我们将新信息与大脑中已有的认知结构相互匹配、相互作用的过程(被称为“解码”)。阅读者将新信息与已知信息建立联系，进行判断、猜测、思考，最终达到理解的目的。阅读者对相关的知识和经验掌握得越多，理解起来就会变得越轻松。因此，阅读的过程实际上是一个形式上由细节到把握总体思想，内容上由总体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理过程，两者缺一不可。与之相对应的阅读常用技巧与步骤即可分为浏览试题、略读(skim
2、ming)、扫读(scanning)以及回查等几种，下面分别加以介绍。一、浏览试题以明确目标 在进行阅读之前，首先浏览短文后面的试题。在看完Section A选择题的题干和四个选项以及Section B简答题的题干后，分析掌握每个试题考查的内容和题型(推理题、细节题、主旨题等)，以便带着问题有目标地阅读短文，根据相应的解题技巧从中寻找正确答案，例如下面这道真题：85What is the main idea of the passage? A. Public speaking in international forums. B. Public speaking in daily life c
3、ontext. C. The many uses of public speaking. D. The rules of public speaking. 通过浏览此题，可以明显看出此题属于主旨题，需要考生重点关注短文的前几段中对主题的描述与说明，从而把握作者通篇所表达的观点和所持的态度。 The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago. Now, twitter, instant messaging, email, blogs and chat forums offer rival approac
4、hes to communication-but none can replace the role of a great speech. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past year, the human voice has helpe
5、d guide US over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time. Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational
6、 speeches confront the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to peoples heartsDuring wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle. A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and exp
7、ressed in a meaningful and interesting way. When the H1 N1 pandemic (流行病) was announced, the idea of “swine flu” (猪流感) scared many people. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible precautions. Sad events
8、 are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonnas speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. Its not only in world for
9、ums where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives. If youre taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of the soundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importance of a pep talk (鼓舞士气的讲话) before a match
10、 to inspire teammates. You yourself may be asked to do a presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vital importance. On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a weddin
11、g, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.Great speaking ability is not something were born with. Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect every speech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good useTo learn those roles you have to practice and lear
12、n from some outstanding speeches in the past.解题点拨：在第一、二段提出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介绍public speaking的重要作用：Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view；Inspirational speeches confront the emotions；A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us；Sad events are
13、never easy to deal with but a speech；It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives由此可知，C能够概括全文主旨，故为正确答案。二、通过略读（skimming）全文以掌握主旨 略读(skimming)又称“跳读”(reading and skipping)或“浏览”(glancing)，是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读方法，其主要特征是有选择性地阅读，其目的有二：一是以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文体，掌握结构(如果是记叙文，就要了解故事发生的时间、地
14、点、背景和人物活动等主要线索；如果是论述文，就要弄清文章的中心论点及论述内容)。换句话说，略读要求读者有选择性地进行阅读，跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。其具体做法如下： (1)利用印刷细节，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、标点符号等，对文章进行预测，从而了解作者的思路、行文模式，以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其相互间的关系。 (2)重点关注文章开头，力求抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。 (3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句，略去细节不读，以求提高速度=段落过长时可适当阅读其中某一到两行，以强化理解。 (4)注意转折词和序列词等起衔接作
15、用的标志词。 下面以一篇英语阅读短文为例来说明略读的妙用： 以下文章只需阅读画线的部分即可，其余细节可略去不读。 There are superstitions attached to numbers; even those ancient Greeks believed that all numbers and their multiples had some mystical significance Those numbers between 1 and 13 were in particular to have a powerful influence over the affairs of men.For example, it is commonly said that luck, good or bad, comes in three: if an accident happens, two more of the same kind may be expect soon afterwards. The arrival of a letter will be followed by two others within a certain period.
