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1、虚拟式,1,虚拟式,be-型虚拟式 were-型虚拟式 假设表示法综述,用于表示命令、决定、建议、等词语后的that分句中 用于由if，though，whatever，lest，so long as等引导的分句中 用于某些公式化语句中,用于某些状语分句中 用于某些名词性分句中,1.用动词的过去形式表示假设意义 2.用情态动词过去式表示假设意义,2,be-型虚拟式,3,用于表示命令、决定、建议、等词语后的that分句中,a .用在,demand,suggest， decide，prefer，vote等动词后that分句中。 Conggress has decided/voted that the
2、 present law be maintained. I prefer Mary to type the letters. I prefer that Mary type the letters. b.用在advisable，appropriate，desirable，essential，obligatory，proper,imperative等形容词之后that分句中。 It is essential the all the facts be examined first. c .用在decision，decree，demand，instruction，resolution等名词后的tha
3、t 分句中。 The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.,4,在这一用法中be-型虚拟式能与should+不定式，to-不定式交替使用。 He order that the books be sent at once =He order that the books should be sent at once =He order that the books to be sent at once,5,用于由if，though，whatever，lest，so long as等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、防备等含
4、义。 If he be found guilty ,John shall have the right of appeal . 上述用法现在只适用于正式书面语体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should或may+不定式。如： If the rumor be true，everything is possible。 If the rumor is true，everything is possible。 Whatever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. Whatever his defense may be,we ca
5、nnot tolerate this disloyalty.,6,用于某些公式化语句中 Be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止的意思。 Long live the peoples Republic of China！ Far be it from me(我极不愿) to spoil the fun 。 He will remain here if need be . 练习中修改句子 the ambassador will stay there if necessary . the ambassador will stay there if need be . . It suf
6、fices to say that the open policy will remain unchanged. Suffice it to say that the open policy will remain unchanged. (只需说什么就够了) Home is home ,be it ever so homely.,?,7,were-型虚拟式,8,1.用于某些状语分句中（if，if only，as if ,as though,though 引导的） If I were you ，I should wait till next week. 2.用于某些名词性分句中 常用于wish,
7、would rather,suppose,imagine之后的that-分句 中 表示一种臆想的情况（通常是不可能发生的） Suppose the earth were flat。 在第一、三人称单数主语后可为was 所取代 If it was to rain，the game would be put off. 但是，在If I were you 这一分句中，通常倾向用were，而不用was。在某些倒装句中只用were。 Were I to do it,I should rely on you. He is my best friend,my second self ,as it were
8、.（好像，宛如） 现代英语中，许多改用虚拟式的地方常为陈述式所取代。 Imagine you are the salesman for Francos product.,9,假设表示法综述,10,1.用动词的过去形式表示假设意义,a)It is time （that）. It is time we went to bed. b)I would rather/sooner(that)you/he/they. Id rather he told me the truth. c)if only . If only I knew her address.,11,d)he behaves as if /
9、as though. They are staring at me as if I was /crazy. 在as if /as though结构中的动词形式通常决定说话人的意图。比较： I feel as if I was /were going to faint.(我感觉我好像要晕倒了) I feel as if I am going to faint.(我感觉我（真的）要晕倒了) 这就是说，在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去式形式。如： The apple tatses as if it is sour.,12,e)I wish (that) 1.与过去相反的主观愿望 I w
10、ish I hadnt said that . 2.与现在相反 I wish you were coming with me,Peter. 3.表示对将来的主观愿望，通常用情态助动词的过去式形式。 I wish you wouldnt smoke in public places . I hope (that)也表希望，但并不表示假设，随后的动词形式除表示委婉口气外，很少用过去式。 I hope you are coming to our party. I hope the weather would be favourable.?,13,2.用情态动词过去式表示假设意义,a)用于条件句 If
11、 I were you,I would not miss this opptunity If you should change your mind, do let me know. ? 这里的should是什么意思、作用。表如果?if 不是这个意思了么？或仅是修饰 b)用于含蓄条件句 But for your help, I couldnt have achieved anything. Anyone who should violate the law would be punished .（同第一个should） 用于其他语境，表惊讶，意外 To think that he would
12、marry such a nasty woman.,14,含蓄条件句,提到条件句，人们一般会想到if引导的条件句，而英语中某些假设的条件句不是通过if从句表达出来，而是包含在某些短语、上下文或其他方式中，其谓语也常用虚拟语气，我们称此种结构为含蓄条件句。 “But without the impressionists, many of these painting styles would not exist.” 这里假设的条件没有通过条件从句表达出来，而是隐含在without介词短语中，故名含蓄条件句。 . It would be only partly right to follow in
13、 this way. 如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 （动词不定式暗示了条件） . Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident. 要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。 （-ing 分词做条件状语，暗示条件：If we had kown in time） . Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。 (-ed 分词做条件状语，暗示: If the tree had been given more attent
14、ion) .I was too busy at that time, otherwise, I would have called you. 我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。 （副词otherwise暗示条件） 由此可知，在特定的上下文或一目了然的情况下，if条件句可以省略，或使用介词短语、副词或非谓语动词等形式来代替if条件句，这种虚拟语气表达形式叫做含蓄条件句。,15,It 句型！,16,“虚义”it：常用于没有具体意义的主语， 出现于表示气候、天气温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。 It is very warm and wet in south china these days.
15、 表示一般的笼统的情况 It was dull when Mary was away. 常见于下列结构 It looks as if the college is very small . It seems as though our planll be perfect. Its my turn. 习惯用语中 You will catch it （=will be scolded ）for breaking the glasses. Hop it (=go away ).you are in the way here.等,17,“先行”it,its illegal to drive witho
16、ut a license. 后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现句首。 To drive without a license is illegal.,18,分裂句：分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句。 It was a parcel that she brought . 说话人还可根据上下文和语义意图分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语。 分裂句的谓语动词be还可以采取复杂形式。 It may have been at Christmas that john gave Mary a handbag. 分裂句可以强调多种状语成分。如时间、地点、方式、由because引导的原因状语等。 It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. 单一方式副词通常不做分裂句中心成分 It
