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1、Grammar,独立主格,【独立主格结构的概念】,独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中做 的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。 作为逻辑主语 ；现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语。,状语,名词或代词,独立主格结构具有两个特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独 立存在。 2. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。,独立主格结构有三种类型： 1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现
2、在分词、过去分词） 2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语) 3. with/without + 复合宾语 （不定式、现在分词、过去 分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,(一)非谓语动词独立主格结构,1. “名词/代词+不定式”结构,由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作 或状态。,His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.,No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class. They said good-bye
3、to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.,2. “名词/代词+现在分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。,(1) 作 状语： Everyone having sat down, the teacher began his class. (相当于时间状语从句: When everyone had sat down),(2) 作 状语： The boy leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
4、 (相当于原因状语从句: Because the boy led the way),时间,原因,(3) 作 状语： My health allowing, I will work far into the night. （相当于条件状语从句：If my health allows）,(4) 作 状语： We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 卡。,条
5、件,方式或伴随,3. “名词/代词+过去分词”结构,该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。,(1) 作 状语： The test finished, well have our summer vocation.,(2) 作 状语： Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.,时间,原因,(3) 作 状语： When in trouble, Sam would sit alone, head bend.,(4) 作 状语： More time given, we can finish the work.,方
6、式或伴随,条件,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,1. 名词或代词+不定式 其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。,2. 名词或代词+现在分词 其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）或一般情况的状态、动作。,Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。,3. 名词或代词+过去分词 其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
7、 The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.,The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。 The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。,1. Darkness _ in, the young people strolled on the streets. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set 2. A new technique _, the production in
8、creased by 20 percent. A. to have been worked outB. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out 3. There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties (特性). A. has B. had C. to have D. having,4. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permittin
9、g C. Time permitting D. Times permitting 5. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down,（二）无动词独立主格结构,英语
10、中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结 构往往看作是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being,主要有如下几种情况：,1. 逻辑主语+名词 Many people come to visit the city, . 很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。 I received many Christmas gifts, . 我收到了很多圣诞礼物，其中一些是书籍。,2.逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。 （his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being） The little girl entered
11、 the room, with cold. 小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻红了。,most of them foreigners,some of them books,her face red,3. 逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。 （school和over之间省去了being） , I cant focus my mind on the work. 音乐开着，我不能专心工作。,4. 逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
12、他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 , it is going to rain soon. 天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。,The music on,Dark clouds in the sky,1. 在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁,往往将“逻辑主语+介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略。 The guard stood by the door, (a) gun in (his) hand. 警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。 She came in, (a) smile on (her) face. 她进来了，脸上带着笑。,NOTES,2. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略： 一
13、是在“There being + 名词”结构中； 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。,1. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There were 2. _, we all went swimming in high spir
14、its. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 3. _, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 4. ; we had to put the meeting off. A. Because the manager was ill
15、 B. The manager being ill C. The manager was ill D. Being ill,（三）“with/ without”引导的独立主格结构,“介词with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语、原因状语，也可作定语。上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现，即：,with/without,+,名词/代词,+,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,1. with/ without +名词/代词+形容词 ，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。,2. with/ without +名词/代词+副词 ，she had to stay at home alone. 因为她姐姐出去了，她只能独自待在家里。,3. with/ without +名词/代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, . 他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。 The old man, with thick glasses on his nose, is a pianist. 这
