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1、Unit 16 Anaerobic Biological Treatment,Important Words and Expressions,oxygen-free adj. 无氧气的 undergo vt. 经受；遭受；忍受 microorganism n. 微生物 consume vt. 消耗, 消费, 耗尽 biodegradable adj. 可生物降解的 sludge n. 下水道的污泥 anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化 leftover adj. 剩下的，多余的 initial stages 初级阶段 ammonia n. 氨,hydrogen n. 氢，氢气 ca
2、rbon dioxide 二氧化碳 methanogen n. 产烷生物 biogas n. 生物气，沼气 methane n. 甲烷 greenhouse gas 温室气体 postulate vt. 假定, 假设 controversy n. 争议 fossil fuel 矿物燃料 carbohydrate 碳水化合物 fat 脂肪,protein adj. 蛋白质 fatty acid 脂肪酸 amino acid 氨基酸 carbonic acid 碳酸 acetic acid 醋酸 hydrolysis n.水解作用 acidogenesis n. 酸化 acetogenesis （
3、乙）酸化 methanogenesis 甲烷生成,Text,Anaerobic biological treatment is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. After undergoing such a treatment, water can be safely released back into the environment. The biological agents used in the proce
4、ss are anaerobic microorganisms that consume or break down biodegradable materials in sludge, or the solid portion of wastewater following its filtration from polluted water.,厌氧生物处理是一系列过程，其中微生物在缺少氧的条件分解可生物降解材料（物质）。,接受这样的处理后，水可以安全地释放到环境中。,在这个过程中使用的生物制剂是厌氧微生物消耗或分解污泥中生物可降解材料,或受污染的水过滤后污水的固体部分。,Anaerobic
5、 biological treatment is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste or to release energy. Anaerobic biological treatment is also known as anaerobic digestion due to the action of the microorganisms. That is, they are essentially digesting the polluted parts of the water. An excellent w
6、ay to decrease the amount of organic matter leftover in things such as sewage and leftover food, anaerobic digestion is typically a component of any biological wastewater treatment system.,厌氧生物处理被用于工业或民用目的来管理废弃物或释放能量。 厌氧生物处理也被称为由于微生物作用的厌氧消化。也就是说（即），它们基本上是“消化”水的污染部分。,减少在诸如污水和吃剩的食物中有机物残留量的一个好方法，厌氧消化通常
7、是任何废水生物处理系统的一个组成部分。,Usually, the anaerobic process takes place in sealed tanks, located either above or below the ground. The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials to break down insoluble organic polymers, such as carbonhydrates, and make them available for other
8、bacteria. Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia and organic acids.,通常，厌氧过程发生在密封罐，位于地面上方或下方。 消化过程始于细菌水解输入材料并分解不溶性有机聚合物,如糖类、并使其可用于其他细菌。,然后，引起酸化的细菌将糖类和氨基酸转化为二氧化碳、氢气、氨和有机酸。,Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon diox
9、ide. The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments(see Figure 16.1).,最后，产甲烷菌将这些产物转化为甲烷和二氧化碳。产甲烷古菌种群在厌氧废水处理中发挥着不可或缺的作用（见图16.1）。,There are four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic biological treatment: 1. Hydrolysis 2. Acidogenesis 3. Ac
10、etogenesis 4. Methanogenesis In most cases, biomass is made up of large organic polymers. For the bacteria in anaerobic digesters to access the energy potential of the material, these chains must first be broken down into their smaller constituent parts.,在厌氧生物处理的四个关键的生物和化学过程： 1、水解；2、酸化；3、产乙酸；4、产甲烷,在
11、厌氧消化中，细菌接近物质（材料）的潜在能量，这些链首先必须被分解成更小的组成部分。,These constituent parts, or monomers, such as sugars, are readily available to other bacteria. The process of breaking these chains and dissolving the smaller molecules into solution is called hydrolysis. Therefore, hydrolysis of these high-molecular-weight
12、polymeric components is the necessary first step in anaerobic digestion. Through hydrolysis the complex organic molecules are broken down into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.,单体，诸如糖的这些构成部分，对于其他细菌是很容易利用的。,因此，这些高分子量的聚合成分的水解是厌氧消化中必要的第一步。 通过水解，复杂的有机分子分解成简单的糖，氨基酸，脂肪酸。,Acetate and hydrogen pr
13、oduced in the first stages can be used directly by methanogens. Other molecules, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with a chain length greater than that of acetate must first be catabolised into compounds that can be directly used by methanogens. The biological process of acidogenesis results in f
14、urther breakdown of the remaining components by acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria. Here, VFAs are created, along with ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, as well as other byproducts. The process of acidogenesis is similar to the way milk sours.,其他分子，如链长度大于乙酸的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）首先必须分解代谢成可直接能被甲烷菌
15、利用的化合物。,酸化的生物过程引起剩余组分由产酸（发酵）细菌的进一步分解。,在这里，挥发性脂肪酸产生，伴随着氨气，二氧化碳，硫化氢，以及其他副产品。酸化的过程类似于使牛奶变酸。,The third stage of anaerobic digestion is acetogenesis. Here, simple molecules created through the acidogenesis phase are further digested by acetogens to produce largely acetic acid, as well as carbon dioxide a
16、nd hydrogen. The terminal stage of anaerobic digestion is the biological process of methanogenesis. Here, methanogens use the intermediate products of the preceding stages and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide, and water.,厌氧消化过程的第三阶段是产乙酸。在这里，通过酸化阶段产生的简单分子进一步经乙酸菌产生大量的乙酸，以及二氧化碳和氢气。,厌氧消化的最终阶段是产甲烷的生物过程。 在这里，产甲烷菌利用前一阶段的中间产物并将其转化为甲烷，二氧化碳和水。,These components make up the majority of the biogas emitted from the system. Methanogenesis is sensitive to both h
