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1、考研英语中你必须知道的美国政治常识1.美国政治的基础是宪法(Constitution),所有的政治运行都是建立在宪法基础之上的。宪法共有27个修正案(Amendment),补充规定了言论自由,选举人性别等重要事务。2.美国政治的特征是checkandbalance(制衡),政府,国会,法院所代表三权中没有哪一方是居于dominate绝对支配地位的。3.联邦政府只从各州政府的权力中拿走了若干明确列举的权力,州政府则保留着中央政府拿走权力之外的所有权力,所以州政府会和联邦政府发生争端。4.最高法院有九名法官(justices),一名首席大法官,八名大法官。由总统提名,民主党常提名自由派(liber
2、al),现在有四个自由派。共和党常提名保守派(conservative);现在有四个保守派。还有一个摇摆派大法官是终生制,所以大法官不一定是现任总统的人,除非现任总统赶上有人离职了,他能安排自己的人进去。九个人在捍卫宪法尊严方面是不分派别的。5.国会分为参议院(senate)和众议院(House)人数分别为100名和435名;副总统是参议院院长,在50:50的时候会参与最后表决;副总统由总统任命;议员基本不是民主党员就是共和党员。6.国会拥有立法权,但国会所通过的议案必须经过总统的批准方能生效。美国总统可以行使否决权。同时总统可以向国会提出各种咨文,包括国情咨文、预算咨文、经济咨文、特别咨文等
3、,建议他认为必须的立法。7.政府财政预算需要得到国会参议院和众议院批准方能生效。然而,目前由民主党把持的参议院和由共和党控制的众议院却针尖对麦芒,导致预算案迟迟不得通过。Hilary Benns Speech in Favour of Syria Airstrikes英国议会辩论后的演讲!FabulousThankyouverymuchMrSpeaker.BeforeIrespondtothedebate,IwouldliketosaythisdirectlytothePrimeMinister:AlthoughmyrighthonourablefriendtheLeaderoftheOppo
4、sitionandIwillwalkintodifferentdivisionlobbiestonight,IamproudtospeakfromthesameDespatchBoxashim.Myrighthonourablefriendisnotaterroristsympathiser,heisanhonest,aprincipled,adecentandagoodmanandIthinkthePrimeMinistermustnowregretwhathesaidyesterdayandhisfailuretodowhatheshouldhavedonetoday,whichissim
5、plytosayIamsorry.NowMrSpeaker,wehavehadanintenseandimpassioneddebateandrightlyso,giventheclearandpresentthreatfromDaesh,thegravityofthedecisionthatrestsupontheshouldersandtheconscienceofeverysingleoneofusandthelivesweholdinourhandstonight.Andwhateverwedecisionwereach,Ihopewewilltreatoneanotherwithre
6、spect.Nowwehaveheardanumberofoutstandingspeechesandsadlytimewillpreventmefromacknowledgingthemall.ButIwouldjustliketosingleoutthecontributionsbothforandagainstthemotionfrommyhonourableandrighthonourablefriendsthemembersforDerbySouth,KingstonuponHullWestandHessle,Normanton,PontefractandCastleford,Bar
7、nsleyCentral,Wakefield,WolverhamptonSouthEast,BrentNorth,Liverpool,WestDerby,WirralWest,Stoke-on-TrentNorth,BirminghamLadywoodandthehonourablemembersforReigate,SouthWestWiltshire,TonbridgeandMalling,ChichesterandWells.Thequestionwhichconfrontsusinavery,verycomplexconflictisatitsheartverysimple.Whats
8、houldwedowithotherstoconfrontthisthreattoourcitizens,ournation,othernationsandthepeoplewhosufferundertheyoke,thecruelyoke,ofDaesh?ThecarnageinParisbroughthometoustheclearandpresentdangerwefacefromthem.ItcouldhavejustaseasilybeenLondon,orGlasgow,orLeedsorBirminghamanditcouldstillbe.AndIbelievethatweh
9、aveamoralandapracticaldutytoextendtheactionwearealreadytakinginIraqtoSyria.AndIamalsoclear,andIsaythistomycolleagues,thattheconditionssetoutintheemergencyresolutionpassedattheLabourpartyconferenceinSeptemberhavebeenmet.WenowhaveaclearandunambiguousUNSecurityCouncilResolution2249,paragraph5ofwhichspe
10、cificallycallsonmemberstatestotakeallnecessarymeasurestoredoubleandco-ordinatetheireffortstopreventandsuppressterroristactscommittedspecificallybyIsil,andtoeradicatethesafehaventheyhaveestablishedoversignificantpartsofIraqandSyria.SotheUnitedNationsisaskingustodosomething.Itisaskingustodosomethingno
11、w.ItisaskingustoactinSyriaaswellasinIraq.AnditwasaLabourgovernmentthathelpedtofoundtheUnitedNationsattheendoftheSecondWorldWar.Andwhydidwedoso?Becausewewantedthenationsoftheworld,workingtogether,todealwiththreatstointernationalpeaceandsecurityandDaeshisunquestionablythat.SogiventhattheUnitedNationsh
12、aspassedthisresolution,giventhatsuchactionwouldbelawfulunderArticle51oftheUNCharterbecauseeverystatehastherighttodefenditselfwhywouldwenotupholdthesettledwilloftheUnitedNations,particularlywhenthereissuchsupportfromwithintheregionincludingfromIraq.Wearepartofacoalitionofover60countries,standingtoget
13、hershoulder-to-shouldertoopposetheirideologyandtheirbrutality.NowMrSpeaker,allofusunderstandtheimportanceofbringinganendtotheSyriancivilwarandthereisnowsomeprogressonapeaceplanbecauseoftheViennatalks.Theyarethebesthopewehaveofachievingacease-fire.ThatwouldbringanendtoAssadsbombing,leadingtoatransitionalgovernmentandelections.Andwhyisthatvital?BothbecauseitwillhelpinthedefeatofDaesh,andbecauseitwouldenablemillionsofSyrians,whohavebeenforcedtoflee,todowhateveryrefugeedreamsof:theyjustwanttobeabletogohome.NowMrSpeaker,no-oneinthisdebatedoubtsthedeadlyseriousth