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1、In 1924 Americans National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended up giving their name t
2、o the “Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because the perplexing behavior of the women in the plant. According to accounts of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but
3、also when it was dimmed. It did not matter what was done in the experiment; so long as something was changed, productivity rose. An awareness that they are experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers behavior by itself.After several decades, the same data were subjected to econometric ana
4、lysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. Contrary to the description on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may led to misleading interpretatio
5、ns of what happened. For example, lighting was always changing on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday, output duly（适时的，准时的） rose compared with the previous Saturday and continued to rise for the next couple of days. However,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation sh
6、owed that output slways went up on Mondays. Workers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before hitting a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.supervise a series of experiments: to be in charge of sb./
7、sth. and make sure that everything is done correctly.翻译为“进行一系列的实验”即可。were subjected to： subject sb./sth. tomake sb./sth. suffer , experience sth (usually sth. unpleasant) 使经历hit a plateau，达到高峰 hit：arriveslacken off： 松懈1924年美国国家研究委员会派遣了两名工程师到芝加哥附近的一个名为霍桑的电话零件工厂进行一系列实验。实验目的是研究工作场所的灯光对工人效率的影响。但是他们给研究的结
8、果取名为“霍桑效应”，这是一个极其重要的理论，它认为知道自己被测试会改变被测试者的行为。这个理论源于工厂女职工的令人费解的行为。根据实验描述，女工们的每小时生产量会随光照的增强而增多，但是也会随光照的减少而增多。实验中做了什么并不重要，只要有改变的因素，生产量就会增加。 知道自己处于测试中，似乎足以让工人们自动调节自己的行为。几十年之后，实验的数据被进行了计量经济学分析。“霍桑效应”还有一个未被发现的惊人之处。和记录中的描述相反，并没有系统的证据证明生产量水平是和光照的改变相关的。事实证明，进行实验的独特方法，可能会产生对事实的误导性解释。比如说，光照在周日总是会发生改变。当周一重新开始工作时，生产量与上个周六比，应准时增加，并且在随后几天持续增加。但是，比较没有实验的几周的数据显示，生产量总是在周一上升。在任何情况下，工人们总是在一周的前几天精力十足，达到一个高峰后，就慢慢懈怠。这说明了所谓的“霍桑效应”也很难确定。
