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1、正式和非正式文体 Formal and Informal Styles,. The Meaning of Style All types of writing, like stories, legal documents and personal letters, have much in common: they contain many of the common words used by people everywhere and every day, observe the same basic morphological and syntactical rules, and fol
2、low the same custom of using punctuation marks. In other words, no writing, or speech, for that matter, can be done without using the common core of the English language.,However, there are also differences between different types of writing. In a personal letter, for instance, sentences are usually
3、 short and simple, even incomplete, and most words are those used in daily conversation, easy and even slangy. In a legal document, on the other hand, most sentences are long and involved, and many, if not most, of the words are polysyllabic, with special terms difficult for ordinary people to under
4、stand.,Special features like these in language are a matter of style. The word style has several senses: it may refer to a writers habitual or peculiar way of using language, or the prevalent features of the language of a certain period, or the characteristic aspects of the language of a certain typ
5、e of writing. It may also mean grace or elegance in writing, as in He has no style.,. Formal and Informal Styles阅读下面的文章，找出其文体特点：,Future shock - the disease of change - can be prevented. But it will take drastic social, even political action. No matter how individuals try to pace their lives, no matt
6、er what psychic crutches we offer them, no matter how we alter education, the society as a whole will still be caught on a runaway treadmill until we capture control of the accelerative thrust itself. The high velocity of change can be traced to many factors. Population growth, urbanization, the shi
7、fting proportions of young and old - all play their part. Yet technological advance is clearly a critical node in the network of causes; indeed, it may be the node that activates the entire net. One powerful strategy in the battle to prevent mass future shock, therefore, involves the conscious regul
8、ation of technological advance.- Alvin Toffler,长句long sentences平行结构parallel constructions插入语parenthetical remark从句clauses被动语态passive voice抽象意思的词语：words and phrases have abstract meanings比喻Metaphors,阅读下面的文章，找出其文体特点：,It was six oclock when I left the schoolhouse. I had six miles to walk home. It would
9、 be after seven when I got home. I had all my work to do when I got home. It took Pa and me both to do the work. Seven cows to milk. Nineteen head of cattle to feed, four mules, twenty-five hogs, fire wood and stovewood to cut, and water to draw from the well. He would be doing it when I got home. H
10、e would be mad and wondering what was keeping me! I hurried home. I would run under the dark, leafless trees. I would walk fast uphill. I would run down the hill. The ground was freezing. I had to hurry. I had to run. I reached the long ridge that led to our cow pasture. I ran along his ridge. The w
11、ind dried the sweat on my face. I ran across the pasture to the house.- Jesse Stuart,简单句简短从句不完整句主动语态日常用语,正式文体和非正式文体的差别,1.语法方面1）缩约词：一般用于非正式文体dont, mustnt, hes, Ive, etc.,正式文体中字母写全：do not, must not, etc.,2）泛指的不定代词you常用于非正式文体，而正式文体用oneYou never know what new measures the President will take.One never k
12、nows what new measures the President will take.,3）非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在疑问词中作宾语，宾格代词可以充当被省略的动词的主语：Who did you see in that room? (informal)Whom did you see in that room? (Formal)Who is the secretary talking with?(informal)With whom is the secretary talking? (Formal)Wang can speak French more fluently th
13、an me.(informal)Wang can speak French more fluently than I. (Formal),4)非正式文体中，介词可以放在定语从句、wh-疑问句或感叹词的句末：I know the girl who the Secretary is talking with.Which hotel is he staying at?What a difficult situation hes in!,5）非正式文体中宾语从句前的that常省去：She said (that) she would come.He told me (that) he liked the
14、 house.I think (that) its a good idea.,6）非正式文体中，they可以指代 everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, e.g.Has everyone finished doing their exercises?Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises? (Formal)Anyone can take a brochure if they want it.Anyone can take a bro
15、chure if he or she wants it. (Formal),7）非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子主语是 I， he， she, it等词，可用was代替were：The old lady treated him as if he was her own son.I wish he was here with us.,8）非正式文体中，常用省略疑问句和缩略分句：What for?Want a drink?She came yesterday.,9)分词短语和无动词分句一般用于正式文体：Having been warned of the impending storm, the cap
16、tain decided to put off the voyage.When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage. (Less formal)Badly defeated in the match, the team returned in low spirits.The team was badly defeated in the match, and they returned in low spirits. (Less formal)She decided to go home at once, knowing that her mother was anxiously waiting for her.She decided to go home at once. She knew her mother was anxiously waiting for her. (Less formal),10）独立主格结构一般用于正式文体：The weather being fine,
