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1、高一英语语法归纳总结-定语从句的归纳一几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。1关系代词:that/who/whom/which/as2关系副词:when/where/why5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】6.引导词的功能(作用):1连接先行词和定语从句。2在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。7.定语从句的类型:1限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。 直接由
2、引导词引导定语从句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。例如:The man (who/whom/that) I talked abo
3、ut at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。 直接由引导词引导定
4、语从句。 由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some, any, n
5、one, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad.(比较:He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.(比较:We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)除
6、why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用:它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. (那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)3.在非限
7、定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom; 指物做主语,宾语都用which; 关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father.The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.The city, _ is far away, is very beautiful.He went to America, _ his parents live.He joined the
8、Army yesterday, _ I left, too.4.whose引导非限定性定语从句:The house, whose window faces south, is mine.=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is
9、sitting there?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。 当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now? 当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my
10、teacher. 注:固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for. 3.whose: 指人或物,是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.I didnt find the desk whose leg wa
11、s broken. (主语)He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. (动宾)The boss in whose company I work is very kind. (介宾)4.which/that 指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。 当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。 当作介宾时:介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is we
12、ak. The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine. The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult. The games in which the young men competed were difficult. 注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。主要用于 “the same as;such as;so as;as as;as fol
13、lows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引导定语从句:Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.My hometown is no longer the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).Id like to have
14、the same books as are used in your school.He is not such a person as I expected.He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.注:which和as可引导非限定性定语从句:可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。因此,当as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in t
15、he newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her, as/which was natural.区别: as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her, as/which was natural. =As was natural, he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.=As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。常用句型有:as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如:As