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1、Feeding Strategies for Prolific Sows高产母猪的饲养策略,P.A. Thacker Department of Animal Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 加拿大萨斯喀砌温大学动物科学系 中文翻译：美国ADM公司 蔡永久,Changes in the Swine Industry (1980-2005)养猪工业的变化 (1980-2005),Increased Reproductive Efficiency 提高繁殖率 Reduced Back Fat Levels 降低背
2、膘厚度 Earlier Weaning 早期断奶 Muti-Site Production 多点生产 Larger Operations 规模变大 Lower Profit Margins 利润空间变小,Feed Modern Genotypes Differently 现代基因型猪饲养与过去的不同,Conserve Body Tissue 体组织储备,Consequences of Poor Sow Nutrition母猪营养缺乏的后果,Smaller Litter Size 窝重小 Increased Piglet Mortality 仔猪死亡率增加 Lighter Pigs at Wea
3、ning 断奶体重轻 Lower Conception Rates 受精率低 Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Interval 断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长 Premature Culling 过早淘汰,Formulate Diets for Specific Stages of Production 按生产阶段配制日粮,Developer diets typically contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutritiona
4、l requirements for growth and reproduction are different. 由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素和微量元素。 The higher levels of vitamins and minerals are designed to enhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market animal
5、s. 由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养物的储备。,Gilt Developer Diets后备母猪日粮,Locomotor problems are a common reason for culling and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus. 运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因, 但它对保证母猪能摄取足够的钙磷也非常重要。 Several research trials have indicated that the calcium and ph
6、osphorus requirements for maximal bone mineralization are higher than the requirements for maximal growth rate. 很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷的需要量更高。,Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1% higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approximately
7、 50 kg body weight. 从50kg体重开始，后备母猪日粮的钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高0.1%。,In addition to higher levels of calcium and phosphorus, there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper, zinc, iron, iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and may e
8、nhance future reproductive performance. 后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、 磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、 锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将 有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物 质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖 表现。,Typical Gilt FinisherDeveloper育肥猪 后备母猪 常量元素 Macrominerals (Total) 钙 Calcium%0.600.75 磷 Phosphorus%0.500.65 有效磷 Avail phosphorus%0.200.40 食盐 Salt%0.330.40 微量元素 Microminerals (Sup
9、plemented) 铁 Ironmg/kg 50 150 铜 Coppermg/kg 10 15 锌 Zincmg/kg 90 150 碘 Iodinemg/kg 0.14 0.28 硒 Seleniummg/kg 0.30 0.30 锰 Manganesemg/kg - 20,Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a Typical Finisher Diet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量,The vitamin needs of the repro
10、ducing female are also greater than those of the terminal animal. 繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。 The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn should be replaced with a “breeder” vitamin premix. 要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生素预混料。 The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of the fat soluble vitamins
11、A, D, and E and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline, biotin, pyridoxine and folic acid which are usually not supplemented in typical finishing rations. 种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素A、D、E和水溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、B6、叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。,Vitamin Levels for Developer Diets后备母猪日粮的维生素水平,Typic
12、alFinisherGilt Developer 育肥猪 后备母猪 Vitamin AIU55008200 Vitamin DIU 550 825 Vitamin EIU 25 66 Vitamin Kmg 2 2 Vitamin B12ug 15 25 Niacin 烟酸mg 20 20 Pantoth Acid 泛酸mg 15 20 Riboflavin B2 mg 4 20 Choline 胆碱mg 01250 Biotin 生物素ug 0 200 Folic Acid 叶酸mg 0 1.5 Pyridoxine B6mg 0 1.0,Recommendations for Vitami
13、n Fortification of a Gilt Developer Compared with a Finisher Diet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量,The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive performance are maximized. 后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备
14、猪进入繁殖群后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能,Feeding Gilts 后备母猪的饲养,It is important that replacement gilts be of sufficient age, size and physiological maturity before breeding. 有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小、生理成熟状态。 It is also necessary that they have adequate reserves of fat and lean in their body at first mating. 也必需在第一
15、次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉储备。,At least 135 kg live weight 至少135公斤活体重 At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat 至少P2背膘厚度16-22毫米 At second estrus or later 至少处于第二个发情期或更晚,Targets for Gilts at First Mating后备母猪第一次配种时的目标指数,Body WeightP2 Backfat at Number of Piglets Born at Mating (kg)Mating (mm)Parity 1Parity 1 to 5 配种时体
16、重 P2背脂厚度 初胎产仔数 1-5胎产仔总数 11714.6 7.151.0 12615.8 9.857.3 13617.710.356.9 14620.010.559.8 15722.410.551.7 16625.3 9.951.3 Challinor et al., 1996,Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关,Feeding Replacement Gilts From Herd Entry Until Mating 后备母猪从进入种群到配种的饲养,For most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anything special to manipulate body composition. 对
