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1、Nuclear Locomotion,The Only Way to Travel,Types of Locomotion,Naval Propulsion Submarines Surface Ships Space Power Rockets Satellites Terrestrial Applications Planes, Trains, and Automobiles,Naval Reactors,Compact PWRs Single reactor in subs Surface ships can have more (1, 2, or 8) Uranium-Zirconiu
2、m Metal Alloy Highly enriched uranium (20-96%) 10 year operation without refueling 30-40 years in submarines Up to 50 years in aircraft carriers Up to 190 MWt,Naval Reactors,Naval Nuclear Countries,United States Russia Great Britain France China,Nuclear Powered Subs,Greater speed Travels faster unde
3、rwater than at the surface Freedom from noise Long submersion times Travel long distances Independent Ability to launch missiles while submerged,The Nautilus (1954),First Nuclear Submarine 62,000 on first fuel loading First submarine under the North Pole Water-moderated PWR Broke many submarine endu
4、rance records Museum in Groton, CT,http:/www.ussnautilus.org,MOST SUBMARINES ARENUCLEAR POWERED TODAY!,Russian Typhoon,Six built in 1980s Largest nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines 175 m * 23 m Two PWRs 163 crew 23,200-24,500 tonnes,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_class_submarine,USS L
5、ong Beach,Guided Missile Cruiser 1959-1995 Two nuclear reactors All new cruiser design Traditional cruiser hull Only ship built of this type First nuclear cruiser,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Long_Beach_%28CGN-9%29,Nuclear Cruisers,USS Long Beach (1959-1995) USS Bainbridge (1961-1996) USS Truxtun
6、 (1967-1995) California Class USS California (1971-1998) South Carolina (1972-1998) Virginia Class USS Virginia (1974-1994) USS Texas (1975-1993) USS Mississippi (1976-1997) USS Arkansas (1978-1998),USS Enterprise (1960),First Nuclear Aircraft Carrier 8 nuclear reactors (PWRs) 80 aircraft 3500 crew
7、members 1123 feet long 257 feet wide 250 feet high,http:/www.enterprise.navy.mil/,NINE ADDITIONAL AIRCRAFT CARRIERSBUILT WITH ONLY TWO PWRs EACH,Civilian Ships,Merchant ships U.S. NS Savannah (1959-1972) Freighter with 60 passenger cabins 600 feet long, 20,000 tons, 80 MWt German Otto Hahn (1964-197
8、9) Operated 10 years and converted to diesel power Japanese Mutsu (1964-1995) Decommissioned and placed in a museum Russian Sevmorput (1988-Present) Container cargo ship,Russian Icebreakers,Lenin (1959-1989) Two nuclear reactors with four steam turbines Helicopter landing strip Decommissioned becaus
9、e hull was being worn thin from ice friction Converted to museum,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker_Lenin,Russian Icebreakers,Murmansk Shipping Company Based at Atomflot Arktika-class icebreaker 2 nuclear reactors First surface ship to reach the North Pole Operates in deep arctic waters Taymyr-c
10、lass icebreaker 1 nuclear reactor Operates in shallow waters,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker,Space Nuclear Propulsion,Eject hot atoms or hot gases from the rear of the reactor Two basic approaches for converting fission into propulsion Nuclear thermal propulsion Electric propulsion,Thermal Pr
11、opulsion,Basic rocket equation Mass of the rocket full (m0) and empty (m) Velocity of the spacecraft(v) and exhaust (vf) Mass of the exhaust gas (Me) Escape velocity (ve) Gravitational constant (g0) Radius of earth (rE) Boltzmann constant (k) Exhaust temperature (T),For earth g0 = 9.80665 m/sec2 and
12、 rE = 6371 km,Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shultis and Faw, 2002.,Nuclear Thermal Rocket System,Electric Propulsion,Use the thermal power to electrical energy that is used to accelerate ions (then neutralized) to produce a beam of very fast moving atoms Low thrust, small fuel flo
13、w, high exhaust speeds and high specific impulse Example: Hall Thrusters,http:/fluid.ippt.gov.pl/sbarral/,Electric Propulsion,Electrothermal electricity is passed through the propellant to ionize and heat the gas Electromagnetic confine, heat and accelerate a plasma of propellant ions Electrostatic
14、accelerate ions between two electric grids,Specific Impulse,Figure of merit to compare the thrust (force of acceleration per mass consumption rate) The smaller the exhaust particles, the greater the thrust,Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shultis and Faw, 2002.,Rocketry - NERVA,Nucle
15、ar Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application 1960-1972 Modern interests Nuclear supply ships Lunar and Martian Bases Deep-space travel Reusable rockets,Nuclear-Electric Power,Generators Thermoelectric - RTG SNAP odd isotope decay heats the hot junction SNAP even reactor heats fluid that heats the hot ju
16、nction Thermionic generators MIR and TOPAZ Russian space program Induced ionization Creates ion pairs as the radiation passes through Excitation of semiconductors Radiation voltaic cells Collection of charged particles Intermediate conversion,Satellites - RTGs,First satellite launched by US Navy June 29, 1961 (RTG of 3 W) Since then more than 26 spacecraft using one or more RTGs have been launched Apollo power on moon Pioneer and Voyager Galileo, Ulysses, Cassini New Horizon (Pluto),htt
