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1、语法复习- 句子成分及练习,对句子的认识,1. 词类 名词-表示人或事物的名称 形容词-表示人或事物的特征 副词-修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词 动词-表示动作或状态 代词-代替名词、数词 数词-表示数量或顺序 冠词-限制名词的意义 介词-表示名词、代词和其他词的关系 连词-连接词与词或句与句 感叹词-表示说话时的感情或语气,Parts of Speach,英语句子的种类,简单句 (simple sentence),并列句 (compound sentence),复合句 (complex sentence),简单句的 五种基本句型,英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一： （主谓） 基本句型二：
2、（主系表） 基本句型三： （主谓宾） 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补）,基本句型一 主谓 （S + V）,S + V She cooks. He is working. What he said does not matter. The pen writes smoothly.,基本句型一 主谓,基本句型二 主系表,S+V+P He is happy. Every thing looks nice. His face turned red.,基本句型二 主系表,基本句型三 主谓宾,S+V+O We study English everyday. They are p
3、laying football. He enjoys reading. She said “Good morning.”,基本句型三 主谓宾,基本句型四,SV（及物）O（多指人）O（多指物） I give him a book. My mother bought me a pen yesterday. I showed him my picture.,基本句型四,基本句型五,S+V（及物）+O (宾语)+C（宾补） We must keep the door open. The news makes me happy. We call him Jim. He told me to wash t
4、he plates. I saw a thief going into your room.,基本句型五,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。,二）主语：,主语 (Subject) 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事. 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,1.Durin
5、g the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词
6、化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at t
7、en oclock.,（三）谓语,2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成(随谓语动词的时态而改变）。如： Do you speak English？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,（四）表语,表语(Predicative) 用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于
8、系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） 2.Is it yours? （代词） 3.The weather has turned cold. （形容词） 4.The speech is exciting. （分词） 5.Three times seven is twenty one? （数词）,6.His job is to teach Engli
9、sh. （不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football. （动名词） 8.The meeting is of great importance. （介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is over. （副词） 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况
10、或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. The passengers remained stuck at the airport due to the bad weather 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, tas
11、te, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达结果是;证明是 ，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如
12、： 1.He is doing his homework. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）
13、he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday. For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get
14、, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to le
15、nd me his bike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。 forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如： Dont forget to
16、come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来) I forgot returning the book to him. (书已还给他了),（六）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（Object Complement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Xiaoming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mu
