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1、 1 UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power 硬实力，软实力，巧实力硬实力，软实力，巧实力 People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the concept of power?The answer ia in the affirmative ,at least to some who study political science. This unit explores th
2、e complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations. 人们常常把国家权力与军事或经济实力。 这些东西更多权力的概念？在肯定 的答案是，至少对那些政治学研究。本单位探讨复杂的权力的性质和它如何影响 国际关系。 The complex nature of power 复杂的权力的性质复杂的权力的性质 1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relations,” accordin
3、g to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with suvh a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power. 1。 “直到人性变化，权力和力量仍将在国际关系的核
4、心， ”据一位美国高级 官员。 不是每个人都会同意这样一个令人沮丧的现实的评估，但它强调在外交中 起着至关重要的作用，电力的。当目标和国家利益冲突，哪一方会获胜的往往是 谁最有权力决定。 2.Power is the term we will use here to represent the sum of a countrys capabilities. Because power in common usage carries the connotation of “hit-over-the -head” or “make you” capabilities, it is very imp
5、ortant to stress that power as used here is more than that. As we will explore in the following pages,power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion. Indeed, power has many forms. Military muscle, wealth, and some others are fairly obvious and tangible. Othera such as nationa
6、l willpower and diplomatic skills are much less obvious and intangible. 2。电力是指我们在这里使用的是一个国家的能力总和。因为在共同使用权 进行“打在头”或“让你能力的内涵，它是强调力量用在这里非常重要的多。我 们会在下文探讨，功率可根据积极以及消极的强制劝说。事实上，有许多形式的 权力。军事力量，财富，有些是显而易见的，有形的。其他如国家意志和外交技 巧是不太明显的和无形的。 Power as an asset and a goal 电力作为一种资产和目标电力作为一种资产和目标 3.One source of confu
7、sion in discussion about power is that it is both an asset and a goal. Our discussion of power so far has generally treated it as an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals. In this sense, power is akin to money as a sort of political currency that can be used to acquire things. Mo
8、ney buys things; power causes things to happen. There are, of course,differences between money and power. One is that political power is less liquid than money; it is harder to convert into things that you want. Another difference is that power,unlike money, has no standard measurement. Therefore it
9、 is much harder to be precise about how much power any country has. 3。在讨论权力混淆来源之一就是资产和目标。我们讨论的功率到目前为止 通常把它作为一种资产，可以用于帮助国家实现目标。在这个意义上，权力和金 钱作为一种政治货币，可以用来获得的东西。金钱可以买到的东西；权力导致事 2 情发生。有，当然，金钱和权力之间的差异。一是政治权力比金钱液少；很难转 换成你想要的东西。另一个区别是，不像钱，没有标准的测量。因此，很难精确 多少权力，任何国家。 4.Power is also a goal because in a world
10、 of often-conflicting goals among countries it is only prudent to seek, acquire, or preserve sufficient power to pursue your national goals. Here again ,the analogy between power and money has merit. We all expend money as an asset , yet we also seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve agains
11、t both anticipated needs and contingencies. 4 动力也是一个目标。因为在一个经常相互冲突的目标之间的国家只有谨慎 的寻求，获得世界，或保持足够的动力去追求你的国家目标。在这里，权力与金 钱之间的类比是有价值的。我们花的钱作为一种资产，但我们也寻求获得金钱和 建立一个对预期的需求和应急储备。 5.The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better. Some people believe that countrie
12、s can become fixated on acquiring power, especially military power, beyoud what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies. This, critics say, is unwise because power is expensive, it creates a temptation to use it, and it spawns insecurity in others. Critics of recent U.S. foreign policy see i
13、ts massive arms spending and its misadventure in Iraq as a case in point. 5。二元权力作为一种资产和目标是否在创造更多更好的辩论。有些人认为， 国家可以成为专注于获取力量，特别是军事力量，超越什么是审慎需要满足可能 的紧急情况。批评者说，这是不明智的，因为权力是昂贵的，它创造了一种诱惑 去使用它，和它产生的不安全感的人。最近的美国外交政策的批评者认为其庞大 的军费开支和伊拉克战争为例。 6.To such charges, realists warn that not being willing to pay the p
14、rice today to guard against future and unknown dangers leaves states vulnerable. Realists also dismiss the concern about having too much power and say that the real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals. And realists caution against a country being too reluctant
15、to expend its power to advance its national interests. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, for one ,portrays Americans as sometimes too-reluctant warriors and believes that “American leadership needs to articulate for their public a concept of the national interest and explain how that intere
16、st is served by the maintenance of the balance of power” througn a forceful U.S. presence on the world stage. 6。这些指控，现实主义者警告说，不愿意支付的价格今天防范未来和未知 的危险状态脆弱的叶子。现实主义者也不希望有太多的权力关系说，真正的危险 是不明智的利用你拥有的力量被浪费在边缘的目标。 和现实主义者警告一个国家 不愿意耗费电力推进其国家利益。一个美国国务卿基辛格，前国务卿，描绘美国 人有时太不情愿的战士和认为， “美国领导需要来表达他们的公众一个国家利 益的概念和解释，利益服务的权力的“平衡的维持在世界舞台上一个强有力 的美国的存在。 Hard and soft power 7.As noted earlier, the most common image of power involves the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequences. Often cal
