高二上学期英语语法总结要点

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1、高二上学期英语语法总结Grammar focus语法重点1The simple passive form of the infinitives不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。2Four functions of the infinitives used as subject,attribute,object and adverbial用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式,具体讲解如下:当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:To be obeyed was n

2、atural to her她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)The problem remained to be solved这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)It needs not to be said that they are very happy together不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)There were plans to be made at once要立即制定计划。(作定语)He has returned only to be sent away again他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)The captain ordered the flag to be hoiste

3、d船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)The book is intended to be read and not to be torn这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。如:What is to pay?要付多少钱?The reason is not far to seek道理很浅显。He gave me some books to read他给了我一些书读。We found the report easy to understand我们发现这些报告很容易懂。 不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下:由于不定式有名词、形容词

4、和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系,今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。1)作主语。如:To see is to believe眼见为实。To serve the people is our duty为人民服务是我们的职责。在日常英语中,常用it作为语法上的主语,即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面。It is our duty to serve the people为人民服务是我们的职责。2)作宾语。如:I couldnt afford to buy a new car我买不起汽车。Have you decided t

5、o marry him?你决定嫁给他吗?有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:I thought it right to do this test我认为做这项实验是对的。3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如:

6、This is the best way to solve this problem这是解决这个问题的最好办法。I have a lot of work to do我有许多工作要做。如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。如:He is a good comrade to work with他是一个很好共事的同志。There is nothing to think about没什么值得考虑的。4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。如:He went home to see his parents他回家看望父母。(表目的)I turned th

7、e radio down so as not to disturb you我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。(表目的)The problem is too hard to understand这问题太难了,理解不了。(表结果)What have I done to make you unhappy?我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果)Im glad to hear the news听了这消息,我很高兴。(表原因)I was surprised to see him there我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)Grammar focus语法重点The past participle used as

8、 attribute and predicative用作定语和表语的过去分词 本单元的语法项目是过去分词作定语、表语。它们的用法讲解如下:1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成的状态;如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说,所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主动,又不表完成。此外,作定

9、语的过去分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面;作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语,一般放在被修饰词的后面。如:We need more qualified teachers我们需要更多的合格老师。He stepped carelessly on some broken glass他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。The letter written by my brother is on the desk我兄弟写的信在桌子上。The TV set made in China are good quality中国制造的电视机质量很好。You can drink boiled water,not boili

10、ng water你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。From his disappointed look,I knew he didnt pass the examination从他的失望表情看,我知道他没通过考试。2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。如:This machine part is broken这个机器零件坏了。He looked very excited他看起来很激动。有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,cro

11、wded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。Grammar focus语法重点The Past Participle used as Object Complement用作宾补的过去分词本单元的语法项目是过去分词作宾补,你能把它的用法讲解一下吗?师:过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等We hear the music played by the ban

12、d我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。I found her greatly changed我发现她变化很大。Everybody thought the battle lost人人都认为这场战役输掉了。2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等When you speak,you have to make yourself understood说话时要让人听懂。Please keep us informed of the latest development请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。I must get my bike repaired我必须请人修自

13、行车。3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。I dont want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow他要此项工程明天以前完成。Gramma

14、r focus语法重点The Past Participle used as Adverbial用作状语的过去分词本单元课文中出现了许多过去分词作状语的句子,您能把这一语法现象讲解一下吗?师:无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等,这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举例说明。1)表时间(When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands加热后,这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby whi

15、le(the couple was)occupied by their work这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when,while。2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldnt say a word他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不平。3)表让步Even if(I were)invited,I wouldnt go即使受邀请,我也不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。4)表伴随He stared at me(he was)astonished他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。Grammar

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