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1、Grammar,parenthesis and direct and indirect speech,parenthesis/插入语,in English sentences, some words, phrases, or short sentences can be put in to express hte speaker or writers attitude, opinion, explanation,or comment. Such expressions are called parentheses, which can be put at the beginning, in t
2、he middle or at the end of the sentence, separated from the main clause by comma. Parentheses can be: short affirmatives, as structures, non-finite phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases, etc.,1. short affirmative sentences one subject and a verb struture with one or tw
3、o or at most three words: I/you know, I presume, she asks, I think, I wonder, I admit, I hope, I believe, I am afraid, you see, a study shows, it is understood, it is needless to say, it is true, that is, it seems, it was hoped, they claim, they say, whats more.,2. as structure As the Bible tells us
4、, worrying about money wont do us any good. 正如圣经告诫我们的那样，为金钱担忧对我们没有任何好处。 “Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings: happy and drunk. 你可能知道“Merry”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。,Is college not preparing us for real life, as Neusner puts it? 大学难道真的像诺伊斯那所说的那样没有让我们为现实生活做准备吗？ 用作插入语的as从句结构还有：as you know, as you have heard,
5、as you say, as I see it, as it appears to me, as it is, as this is the case, as things are, as the name indicates, as is generally known, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out等。,3. non-finite phrases the logical subject of this kind of phrases is the speaker or writer: infinitive phrases: t
6、o be frank, to put it briefly, to be sure, to tell you the truth, to be honest, to be sure, to begin with, to sum up, to put it another way, so to speak, not to speak of, let alone, not to say/mention.,participle phrases：considering, speaking/talking of, regarding/respecting, concerning, coming to,
7、judging from/by, granting/admitting that, supposing/suppose that, generally speaking, strictly speaking, putting this and that together, provided (providing) that, seeing that, including, according to , considering the circumstances.,4. prepositional phrase：of course, by the way, in fact, in short,
8、in my opinion, in other words, in general, by my estimate, in a few words, to ones surprise, to ones amazement, to ones regret. 5. adjective pharses: worst still, strange enough, least possible, curious enough, most important.,6. adverbial phrases：oddly enough, seriously, certainly, fortunately happ
9、ily, evidently, admittedly, apparently, surely, clearly, frankly, generally, probably, reportedly, basically, amazingly, normally.,direct and indirect speech,There are two ways to quote others speech: direct speech and indirect speech. The former uses what the other people say directly, put in the q
10、uotation marks, and the latter states what the other people say with ones own words, which can be expressed by an object clause or infinitive phrase.,direct speech,But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.” 但出发时，他总是说：“你定步伐，我会尽量跟上。” “When I make others fee
11、l good about themselves,” he told me, “I feel good too.” 他对我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我自己的感觉也好极了。”,indirect speech,Some children stated that they used their unsupervised free time to perfect their athletic skills, such as playing basketball. 一些孩子说他们将这一自由时间用来提高体育技能，如打篮球。 Experts say that it is important to creat
12、e an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative. 专家们指出，重要的是要创造一个发挥创造力的氛围。,direct speech for affirmative, interrogative, imperative, and exlamatory sentences,1for affirmative sentences, that can be used to introduce what is quoted. The frequently used verbs are: say, tell, state, know, ch
13、arge, claim, declare： My mum says Im nicest when Im asleep because I cannot say anything wrong. 我妈妈说当我睡着时我是最乖的，因为这时候我不会说错话。,In a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. 一时冲动，我宣布在下次上课之前，我将辞去工作并解除婚约。 Animal rights groups
14、 and dolphin trainers charge that its wrong to recruit the animals in the military. 动物权利组织和海豚训练师们指责说招募动物用于军事目的是错误的。,2if or whether is used for simple questions. the sentence order should the same as that in affirmative sentences： You may ask, “Should I wear a seat belt?” You may ask whether you shou
15、ld wear a seat belt. 你会问你是否要系安全带。 “How much are you willing to bet?” said Lenny. Lenny asked how much he was willing to bet. 伦尼问他他愿意赌多少。,Note 1: to express request: we use “ask/advice/want+infinitive”。 “I beg your pardon?” the girl says. The girl wants me to repeat. 那个姑娘想让我再重复一遍。 Note 2: to express
16、a suggestion, we use “suggest + -ING Elias smiled and answered: “You should rather ask my wife. ” Elias smiled and suggested my asking his wife. 伊莱尔斯笑着建议我去问他的妻子。,Note 3: to offer help, we use “offer + infinitive”: “Shall I buy you a cup of coffee?” Larry offered to buy the man a cup of coffee. 给那个人买了杯咖啡。,3for imperative sentences, the verbs are as follows: ask, beg, tell, urge, warn, remind, advise. the sturcture is “vert+object+infinitive”, and sometimes is verb+that cl
