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1、Lesson 3 Components of A Building 建筑物的组成,New words and phrases:,partition converter framework surpass exterior lintel opaque deck corrugate duct ancillary ventilate allocate conceal conduit stratification exhibit curtain wall 幕墙 bearing wall 承重墙 plumbing system 卫生设备系统 plumber 水管工人 A plumber is a per
2、son who fits and mends the plumbing. 管子工是安装和修理水管的人。 air conditioning 空气调节,4. surpass 超过，胜过 (1) To be beyond the limit, powers, or capacity of 超过权限、权力或能力 (2) To be or go beyond as in degree or quality 在程度或质量上胜过或超过 5. exterior 外部的，外面的 反义词interior 内部的 ex表示“由.出来, 自”之义 如：ex-president 前任总统 14. conceal 隐蔽、
3、隐瞒 conceal sth. from sb. 对某人隐瞒某事 如: He concealed his real motives from me.,Words,Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. 材料和结构形式被组合在一起形成了建筑物的不同部分。包括承重的框架、外墙、楼板层、以及隔墙。 The building also ha
4、s mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. 建筑物还有机械和电力系统，比如，电梯、供暖制冷系统，照明系统。 The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation, is that part of a building below ground. 上部结构是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部结构
5、以及基础是建筑物的地下部分。 super- 表示“在.上,加之”之义。superabundant 过多的, 有余的,Components of A Building 建筑物的组成部分,The skyscraper, owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century：steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. 摩天大楼的出现得益于19世纪的两大发展 ：钢结构建筑和载人电梯。 Steel as a construction material dates from
6、the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1855. 钢材作为一种建筑材料是始于1855年贝色麦转炉炼钢法的引入。 Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) introduce steel construction in France. Gustave Eiffel将钢结构引入法国。 His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel f
7、ramework. 1889年巴黎展览会的塔和他为Galerie des 机械的设计表现了钢结构的灵活性。,Development of High Buildings 高建筑物的发展,The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. 埃非尔铁搭高达300m，是当时人类修建的最高的结构，直到40年后，其高度才被美国的一系
8、列的摩天大楼超过。 The first elevator was installed by Elisha Otis in a department store in New York, in 1857. 第一部电梯是由Elisha Otis在1857年安装在纽约的一座百货公司里。 In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit ev
9、ery hour. 1889年，埃非尔首次在埃非尔铁塔上安装大型升降机，这种液压式升降机每小时可以运送2350位乘客到最高点。,Development of High Buildings 高建筑物的发展,Eiffel Tower,Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. 直到19世纪晚期，建筑物外墙被用作支承楼板的承重墙。 This construction is essentially a post and li
10、ntel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. 这种建筑本质上就是柱和过梁的组合类型，它仍然被用在房屋的框架结构中。 Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required; for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880s in Chicago had walls 5 feet
11、 (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors. 承重墙体限制了建筑物的高度，因为墙体的厚度要求很厚；比如，1891年芝加哥建成的16层高的蒙诺那克大楼，其底层的外墙厚度达到1.5m。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,Monadnock Building in Chicago,In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. 在 1883 年，詹尼将楼板设置在铸铁
12、柱上形成一个像笼子一样的建筑物。 Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. 框架建筑，由钢梁和柱组成，最早运用于1889年。 As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a curtain wall rather than serving a supporting function. 随着框架建筑的出现，围护墙体成了“幕墙”，不再起承重的功能。 Masonry was t
13、he curtain wall material until the 1930s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. 二十世纪三十年代以前都是采用砖石作为幕墙材料，此后都是用轻型金属和玻璃作为幕墙材料。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,After the introduction of the steel skeleton, the height of buildings continued to increase rapidly. 随着钢结构的引入，建筑物的高度迅速增加。 All tall buildin
14、gs were built with a skeleton of steel until World War II. 直到二次世界大战，所有的高层建筑都采用钢结构。 After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall buildings being built of reinforced concrete. 战后，钢材的短缺和混凝土质量的改进，促使高层建筑采用钢筋混凝土。 Marina Towers (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concr
15、ete building in the United States；its height588 feet (179 meters)is exceeded by the 650-foot (198-meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers 芝加哥的Marina塔是美国最高的混凝土建筑；它的高度（179m）被伦敦的邮政大楼（198m）和其它的塔超过了。,Load-Carrying Frame 承重框架,Marina Towers and Post Office Tower,A change in attitude about sk
16、yscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. 对摩天大楼看法的改变，使得承重墙体又重新获得使用。 In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962, has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot (1.5-meter) wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. 在纽约市，埃诺沙里宁设计的哥伦比亚广播系统大楼，有一个由5英尺（1.5米）宽，相邻柱的中心距为10英尺（3米）的混凝土柱组成的围墙。 This perimeter wall, in
