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1、四级语法讲析,*动词的时态和语态 某些动词的固定用法 *动词不定式和动名词 *分词(短语)作定语和状语 *虚拟语气 *倒装句 主谓一致 *从句 (定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句） 情态动词及省略句 *强调与否定 替代与倍数 （标有符号*的为四级语法考试重点）,主谓一致 指导原则: 1. 语法一致原则(主、谓语在单、复数上的一致) 2. 意义一致原则(谓语取决于主语的单,复数意义) 3. 就近原则(谓语决定于最靠近它的词语n.的单,复数形式),语法一致原则: eg: Many girls want to buy. Every girl wants to buy.,意义一致原则: 1可单可复 1.
2、1 集合名词:family, crew, people, staff, all, etc.用作整体,谓语用单数;用作个体,谓语用复数. Eg: My family poor. My family kindly to others. 1.2 glasses, trousers, shorts(短裤),如果之前无单位词而单独使用,谓语动词用复数;否则用单数. Eg: My trousers black. One pair of scissors（剪刀） not enough. 1.3 the number of 谓语用单数; a number of谓语用复数.,is,are,is,are,1.4
3、关系分句中的主谓一致问题 1)在“one of + 复数名词 + 关系分句”结构中,分句的谓语动词常用复数. Eg. Im one of those people who very happy now. 2)如果此结构前有“the”或“the only”等限定词或强调词时,关系分句的谓语动词形式依one而定,用单数. Eg. He is the only one of those boys who willing to help the little girl. 1.5 主语 + as mush as /rather than /more than /no less than, 谓语动词形式视
4、主语本身单复数而定.(考点:通常该主语是单数第三人称, 所以谓语用单数) Eg. His brother rather than his parents to blame. My husband, ,more than anyone else in the family, anxious to go there again.,are,is,is,is,1.6 主语 + as well as /in addition to /with /along with /together with /except, 谓语动词形式随主语本身而定.(考点:通常主语是单数第三人称, 所以谓语用单数) Eg. T
5、he father, as well as his son, going to travel. 2. 单数 2.1 以-ics结尾的学科名称后,谓语用作单数. 诸如:physics(物理学); mathematics(数学); mechanics(机械学); politics(政治学)等. 2.2 固定名词the United States, the United Nations 等做主语,谓语动词用单数.,is,2.3 Many a + 单数名词,随后的谓语动词用单数; more than one (语法一致原则),谓语动词用单数. Eg. Many a student that mista
6、ke before. A had made B has been made C have made D has made 2.4 数量词(表距离,金额,重量,时间等复数名词),谓语动词用单数. Eg. Six months too short a time for me. Twenty miles a long way to cover. 2.5 名词性分句做主语,(what, who, why, how,whether等引导的), 谓语动词用单数. Eg. What caused the accident a complete mastery. 2.6 不定式和动名词做主语,谓语动词用单数.
7、,D,is,is,is,就近原则 3.1 遇到or, nor, eitheror, neither nor, not only but also等,谓语动词采用“就近原则”. Eg. Either my father or my brothers coming. Either my brothers or my father coming. 3.2 there be 的存在句型中,主谓一致采用“就近原则” Eg. There three apples and one orange on the desk. There one orange and three apples on the des
8、k.,is,are,are,is,二 代词与动词一致 (1)some 与any作主语时，谓语动词要根据其自身所指的数而确定 I dont think any of my friends been there. There isnt any bread at home. (2)none作主语时，谓语多用单数 None of his friends ever been abroad.,have,has,(3)many作主语时，谓语动词多用复数 Many of the beggars blind. manys the time, many was the time(曾有多次）的短语中，many后用单
9、数动词is, was Many the time, I waited my beloved at the gate. (4)all作主语时，谓语可以是单数或复数。一般来说，all指事物时用单数，指人时用复数。 All not gold that glitters. All sympathetic to the poor woman. All well that ends well.,are,was,is,were,is,(5)each， either 作主语时，谓语多用单数 Each of the students a dictionary. Either of the road danger
10、ous. (6)neither,what作主语时，谓语可用复数或单数 Neither of the applicants qualified for the job. Neither large enough. What your hobbies? What his motive? (7)both作主语时，谓语用复数 Both of the girls are pretty. Both of them were great warriors.,has,is,were,was,are,is,三. 代词与名词一致 （1）all可接单数或复数名词 They worked hard all year
11、. All roads lead to Rome. (2)another后常接单数名词,有时也接复数名词 Please give me another one. We waited for another 10 minutes. (3)some,any后接单数或复数名词 Is there any students in the classroom? Is there any water in the bottle? You should give him some advice. She has been away for some days.,(4)both,many后多接复数名词，但man
12、y a后接单数名词 A lot of trees were planted on both sides of the road. Both his brothers are football players. Many students didnt hand in their homework in time. Many a student is absent today.,(5)every后面一般接单数名词，但作 每隔.理解时，后接复数名词 They dont have English classes every day. The Olympic Games is held every fo
13、ur years. (6)指由or,nor连接两个单数名词时，要用单数代词 Is either food or rent much expensive than it used to be?,(7)当every或 each修饰由 and连接的两个单数名词时，要用单数代词。 Each teacher and student is asked to do his work. (8)当指由and连接的两个单数名词，其中一个为阳性，另一个为阴性，且前面有 every或each修饰时，要用单数代词his. Every man and woman should be paid equally accord
14、ing to his work. Each boy and girl has his own rights.,定语从句在复合句中起( )作用的从句，称为定语从句。定语从句相当于一个( )词，修饰主句中名词，代词或整个主句。定语从句位于它所修饰的词之后，这个被修饰的名词或代词称为（ ）。定语从句一般由关系代词（ ）和关系副词（ ）引出。,e.g. The letter which I received yesterday was from a friend of mine. 我昨天收到的那封信是我一个朋友寄来的。,定语,形容,先行词,that,which, who, whom,whose 等,w
15、hen,where,why,关系代词在定语从句中的作用 一，连接主句和从句 二，在意义上代表所修饰的名词和代词 三，在定语从句中作某一个成分，可用作主语，宾语和定语。,e.g. 1. The children who live on the nearby farms go to school by bike. 住在农场附近的孩子都是骑车去上学。 2. 翻译： 你要见的那个人已经来了。 The man whom you want to see has come. 3.翻译：这是我们昨天参观的医院。 This is the hospital that we visited yesterday. 4
16、. Is that the man whose house was burnt down last week? 是不是那个人的房子上星期着火了。 5. 翻译：这是汤姆先生，他的妻子在一家百货店工作。 This is Mr.Tom whose wife works at a department store.,关系代词的省略 作直接宾语时可以省略。 e.g. The man (whom) you saw just now is our manager. 你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。 在“there+be”结构的从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。 e.g. This is the only bus (that) there is
