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1、European Culture: An Introduction,Textbook,European Culture: An Introduction 欧洲文化入门 主编：王佐良 祝珏 李品伟 高厚堃 外语教学与研究出版社,Contents,Greek Culture and Roman Culture The Bible and Christianity The Middle Ages Renaissance and Reformation The Seventeenth Century The Age of Enlightenment Romanticism Marxism and Da
2、rwinism Realism Modernism and Other Trends Review for Final Test,chronological,Term Schedule,Assessment,Final Score Coursework 20% Final Test 80%,Introduction,Uses of the Subject Language cannot be learned without the knowledge of the culture behind it. Necessary to the citizens of the world. Two Ma
3、jor Elements in European Culture Greco-Roman element Judeo-Christian element,Division 1 Greek Culture Plato relied on subjective thinking. Idea and matter made up concrete individual realities; Plato held ideas had a higher reality than the physical world. Mans aim in life is happiness,Greek Culture
4、,Contending Schools of Thought,Greek Culture,Science,Democritus Put forward the first atomic theory.,Plato A mathematician.,Archimedes Did important work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, mechanics, and hydrostatics.,Mathematics, the purest of sciences, was applied in acoustics, optics,
5、geography, Statics and astronomy.,Aristotle Contributed to Zoology, started methodical research, laid massive foundations for modern science.,Euclid Well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry and in use until the early years of the 20th century.,Greek scientists deduce theories and build up
6、 systems.,Greek Culture,Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery Art Greek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization. Architecture the Doric style (masculine style): sturdy, powerful, severelooking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers, monotonous and unadorned. the Ionic style (femi
7、nine style): graceful and elegant, shows a wealth of ornament. the Corinthian style: ornamental luxury. Famous temples: the Acrpolis at Athens (437-432 B.C.); the Parthenon (447-432 B.C.).,Greek Culture,Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery Sculpture The earliest Gods, stiff, lifeless wood carvin
8、g; 7th century B.C. Size became bigger and life-size, stand stiff; 5th century B.C. Beauty of the internal structure of human bodies and mythological figures.,Greek Culture,Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery Discus Thrower - relaxation and contraction of the muscle - sense of body movement - g
9、ood sense of harmony and the balance of opposites,Greek Culture,Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery Venus de Milo - the most famous - broken arms - symbol of beauty, grace and health, a personification of vitality and dignity.,Greek Culture,Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery Laocoon group
10、 about 125 B.C. - a priest of Troy - he was suffered a slow death and killed by serpents with his sons for he warned the Trojans against Greek attack - the expression of Laocoons face-fear, sympathy and terror,Greek Culture,Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery Pottery a result of domestic needs
11、and needs for foreign trade Varying shapes (jars, utensils) Beautiful paintings (everyday scenes, animals, figures in Iliad and Odyssey) Vases from Attica Black-figure paintings - in literature, countless writers quoted, adapted, borrowed; - Byrons Isles of Greece - Shelleys Hellas and Prometheus Un
12、bound - Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn,Roman Culture,Romans and Greeks Burning of Corinth (146 B.C.) marked Roman conquest of Greece. Greece was a province of the Roman Empire. The language of western Roman Empire was Latin, the eastern was Greek.,Roman Culture,Roman History Before the year 27 B.C., a
13、republic Two centuries later after 27 B.C., the Roman Empire reached the greatest extent. Pax Romana (the Romans enjoyed a 200 years peace) Roman law (the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries) In the 3rd century, the empire decline (inroads of northern tribes) In the 4th
14、 century, move capital from Rome to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) After 395, the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West In 476, the end of the West Roman Empire In 1453, the East Roman Empire collapsed,Roman Culture,Latin Literature The writings in Latin showed great origi
15、nality, besides being profound, powerful and beautiful. Prose Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) - Played an important role in the Roman senate. - His eloquent, oratorical manner of writing, described as Ciceronian, had an enormous influence on the development of European prose. Julius Caesar (102/
16、100-44 B.C.) - A successful general and the dictator in Rome. - Commentaries, models of succinct Latin, use language with economy and ferocity.,Roman Culture,Latin Literature Poetry Lucretius (93-50 B.C.) Wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist. Virgil (70-19 B.C.) - The greatest of Latin poets - Wrote the great epic, the Aeneid
