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1、形容词、副词,(一) 知识概要,形容词的用法很活跃，在英语中用处也很多，但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同，要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no,
2、a lot of, plenty of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。,英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分，其规则如下： 构词法 原 级 比较级 最高级 加er，或est Tall young talleryounger tallest youngest 只加r或st nice Large nicer larger nicest largest 重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写该字母加er、est big fat hot bigger fatter hotter biggest fattest hottest 不规则变化的形容词或副词： 原 级 比较级 最高级 good b
3、etter best Well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far farther further farthest furthest old older elder oldest eldest,要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词，其规律如下： 构词法 形容词 副 词 一般加ly Careful kind ca
4、refully kindly 尾是y时将y变成i加ly Happy busy easy Happily busily easily 其 他 true terrible full possible shy whole truly terribly fully possibly shyly wholly 此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修饰最高级的有：the very, much the, far等。,(二) 正误辨析,误 The young likes
5、playing football very much. 正 The young like playing football very much. 析 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美丽并不总代表善良。 误 The danger has gone, so the worst are over. 正 The danger has gone, so the worst is over. 析 意为：危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数
6、形式。 误 It is the gold age of the young. 正 It is the golden age of the young. 析 golden在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金发，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的，如：a gold bar金条，a gold coin金币，但gold fish 金鱼例外。 误 She is a warm heart woman. 正 She is a warmhearted woman. 析 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加ed构成，如：warmhoarted 热心肠的
7、，whitehaired 白毛的,误 There is an alive fish in the pool. 正 There is a living fish in the pool. 析 在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语，只能作表语。如：The fish is alive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。 误 The ill man nearly died. 正 The sick man nearly died. 析 ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病，而要用sick，但作表语时则都可以。
8、如：He is ill sick, ill作定语时则另有他意，如：ill luck (厄运)，ill nature(天性恶劣),ill temper(心绪不好) 误 I have important something to tell you. 正 I have something important to tell you. 析 不定代词something, anyone, somebody在用形容词修饰时，形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词，不符合上述规律。如：I have an important thing to tell you. 误 Ill be free on ne
9、xt Sunday. 正 Ill be free next Sunday. 析 在表达将来时的时候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介词。,误 The girl is twoyear old. 正 The girl is two years old. 正 She is a twoyearold girl 析 由连字符连接若干名词、数词组成的形容词，在学习时要记住两点，其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式，如：twothousandword report(两千字的报告)；其二是这样构成的形
10、容词只能作定语，即用于名词之前，而不能作表语。 误 The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings. 正 The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings. 析 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时，其顺序如下。 1. 指示代词，定冠词 2. 数量词 3. 性质词 4. 大小 5. 形状 6. 老少，新旧 7. 颜色 8. 材料 但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。 如： What a pretty little white ho
11、rse! Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. 误 The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day. 正 The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day. 析 good是形容词，这里是修饰动词speak的，所以应用副词well，但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很
12、好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。,误 The children play on the grass nappyly. 正 The children play on the grass happily 析 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly. 误 The teacher looked angry at the students. 正 The teacher looked angrily at the students. 析 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，如：The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looke
13、d angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为：老师生气地看着学生，所以应用副词形式。 误 He worked with me friendly. 正 He was friendly to me. 析 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词，但friendly是形容词，这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, livelymonthly weekly。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early, hourly, monthly 误 You can speak free in front of your friends. 正 You can speak freely in f
14、ront of your friends. 析 free作为形容词意为自由的，有空闲的，免费的。作为副词讲则是免费之意。而freely作为副词则是自由的，随便的。这些要注意的词还有：hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎like 像 likely 几乎,误 They must have arrived till now. 正 They must have arrived by now. 析 by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生，所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在，所以一
15、定要用持续性动词。must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。 误 Someone called you right now. 正 Someone called you just now. 析 just now有两个意思，其一是刚才，其二是现在，而right now只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态，如： I have just finished my homework. 误 My father will be back from America at present. 正 My father will be back from America presently. 析
16、 presently有两个意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美语中是现在之意，与at present相同。而for the present为暂时，如： I teach English in the school for the present. 误 Ill be back at the moment. 正 Ill be back in a moment. 析 at the moment 其意为现在，当时，而in a moment意为马上过一会，与in a minute意思相近。,误 The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time. 正 The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time. 析 on time为准时，而in time有两个含意。其一是及时，如：The doctor arrived in time。其二是将来，终究。 误 I met an old friend sometimes last month. 正 I met an old friend sometime
