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1、形容词、副词,(一) 知识概要,形容词的用法很活跃,在英语中用处也很多,但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同,要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下:many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下:much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no,
2、a lot of, plenty of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。,英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分,其规则如下: 构词法 原 级 比较级 最高级 加er,或est Tall young talleryounger tallest youngest 只加r或st nice Large nicer larger nicest largest 重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写该字母加er、est big fat hot bigger fatter hotter biggest fattest hottest 不规则变化的形容词或副词: 原 级 比较级 最高级 good b
3、etter best Well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far farther further farthest furthest old older elder oldest eldest,要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词,如:back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词,其规律如下: 构词法 形容词 副 词 一般加ly Careful kind ca
4、refully kindly 尾是y时将y变成i加ly Happy busy easy Happily busily easily 其 他 true terrible full possible shy whole truly terribly fully possibly shyly wholly 此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有:much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修饰最高级的有:the very, much the, far等。,(二) 正误辨析,误 The young likes
5、playing football very much. 正 The young like playing football very much. 析 定冠词加形容词表示一类人,应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数,如:The beautiful is not always kindness.美丽并不总代表善良。 误 The danger has gone, so the worst are over. 正 The danger has gone, so the worst is over. 析 意为:危险已经过去,最困难的状况已结束。用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数
6、形式。 误 It is the gold age of the young. 正 It is the golden age of the young. 析 golden在英语中多用于比喻,如:golden hair金发,gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的,如:a gold bar金条,a gold coin金币,但gold fish 金鱼例外。 误 She is a warm heart woman. 正 She is a warmhearted woman. 析 英语形容词的构词法很多,其中之一是由形容词,或数词,加名词加ed构成,如:warmhoarted 热心肠的
7、,whitehaired 白毛的,误 There is an alive fish in the pool. 正 There is a living fish in the pool. 析 在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语,只能作表语。如:The fish is alive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有:alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。 误 The ill man nearly died. 正 The sick man nearly died. 析 ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病,而要用sick,但作表语时则都可以。
8、如:He is ill sick, ill作定语时则另有他意,如:ill luck (厄运),ill nature(天性恶劣),ill temper(心绪不好) 误 I have important something to tell you. 正 I have something important to tell you. 析 不定代词something, anyone, somebody在用形容词修饰时,形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词,不符合上述规律。如:I have an important thing to tell you. 误 Ill be free on ne
9、xt Sunday. 正 Ill be free next Sunday. 析 在表达将来时的时候:next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介词。,误 The girl is twoyear old. 正 The girl is two years old. 正 She is a twoyearold girl 析 由连字符连接若干名词、数词组成的形容词,在学习时要记住两点,其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式,如:twothousandword report(两千字的报告);其二是这样构成的形
10、容词只能作定语,即用于名词之前,而不能作表语。 误 The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings. 正 The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings. 析 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时,其顺序如下。 1. 指示代词,定冠词 2. 数量词 3. 性质词 4. 大小 5. 形状 6. 老少,新旧 7. 颜色 8. 材料 但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。 如: What a pretty little white ho
11、rse! Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. 误 The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day. 正 The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day. 析 good是形容词,这里是修饰动词speak的,所以应用副词well,但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如:He is well.(他身体很
12、好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。,误 The children play on the grass nappyly. 正 The children play on the grass happily 析 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly. 误 The teacher looked angry at the students. 正 The teacher looked angrily at the students. 析 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词,这时它是修饰主语的,如:The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looke
13、d angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为:老师生气地看着学生,所以应用副词形式。 误 He worked with me friendly. 正 He was friendly to me. 析 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词,但friendly是形容词,这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, livelymonthly weekly。但其中有些词既是副词,又是形容词,如:early, hourly, monthly 误 You can speak free in front of your friends. 正 You can speak freely in f
14、ront of your friends. 析 free作为形容词意为自由的,有空闲的,免费的。作为副词讲则是免费之意。而freely作为副词则是自由的,随便的。这些要注意的词还有:hard 努力,艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟,晚lately 最近的,最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎like 像 likely 几乎,误 They must have arrived till now. 正 They must have arrived by now. 析 by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生,所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在,所以一
15、定要用持续性动词。must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。 误 Someone called you right now. 正 Someone called you just now. 析 just now有两个意思,其一是刚才,其二是现在,而right now只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态,如: I have just finished my homework. 误 My father will be back from America at present. 正 My father will be back from America presently. 析
16、 presently有两个意思:其一是最近,不久,其二在美语中是现在之意,与at present相同。而for the present为暂时,如: I teach English in the school for the present. 误 Ill be back at the moment. 正 Ill be back in a moment. 析 at the moment 其意为现在,当时,而in a moment意为马上过一会,与in a minute意思相近。,误 The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time. 正 The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time. 析 on time为准时,而in time有两个含意。其一是及时,如:The doctor arrived in time。其二是将来,终究。 误 I met an old friend sometimes last month. 正 I met an old friend sometime