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1、Chicago Manual Style,芝加哥论文格式,总体介绍,论文格式的三大流行范式，关于英文学界论文的格式，目前被国际学术界广泛接受的主要有三种： 芝加哥论文格式（Chicago Manual Style，CMS） 美国心理学会论文格式（American Psychological Association，APA） 现代语言学会论文格式（Modern Language Association，MLA）,历史渊源,CMS论文格式源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的Manual Style，经过100多年的增补、修订、CMS确立了学术论文写作格式的权威地位。 The Chicago Ma
2、nual of Style目前已出至第十五版，书中的“格式指南”部分详细说明撰写论文时需要注意的细节，包括标点符号、人名和数字的写法、缩写、以及注释和书目的编制方法等，是撰写论文时，编写注释和参考书目之必要参考。,This section provides note forms for a wide range of sources, from books and articles to electronic media, based on The Chicago Manual of Style,15th edition,2003.,Because types of sources are p
3、roliferating rapidly, you may use one that is not mentioned here. In this case, you should look at the closest alternative and construct your own entry according to the basic principles of Chicago Manual format.,Footnotes and Endnotes 脚注和尾注,The citation of a source in the note-bibliography system is
4、 indicated in the text with a superscript (raised) number, which refers to a note providing information about the source.,The notes,When they appear at the bottom of the page,footnotes,When they are collected in a section at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire paper,endnotes,Designat
5、ion of Notes in the Text,A note is indicated in the text by a raised arabic numeral. The superscript number should be raise one-half space (not a full space) above the line and should be placed directly after the material (without a space) to which the note refers. The best placement of the number i
6、s at the end of a sentence. The number follows all punctuation except the dash, and it should not be italicized, circled, or followed by a period.,The following examples demonstrate correct and incorrect placement of superscript numbers.,Robert Heilbroner explains that “the profit motive as we know
7、it is only as old as modern man.1”,Robert Heilbroner explains that “the profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man.”1,Robert Heilbroner1 explains that “the profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man. ”,“The profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man,” accord
8、ing to Robert Heilbroner.1,“The profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man. ”-1 ancient civilizations would have found this principle alien.,“The profit motive as we know it is only as old as modern man”1-ancient civilizations would have found this principle alien.,“ The profit motive
9、as we know it is only as old as modern man”:1 ancient civilizations would have found this principle alien.,Both footnotes and endnotes are usually numbered consecutively within a chapter, starting with number one in each new chapter. Some institutions, however, recommend numbering notes throughout t
10、he entire thesis.,example,First Reference and Subsequent Reference 首次引用和后续引用,The first time you cite a source in the notes, give a complete entry in the correct format for the bibliographical style you are using throughout the paper.,For a book,A complete entry includes the following information (if
11、 applicable):,complete name of the author,title of the book,name of the editor, compiler, or translator,edition (other than first),number of volumes or the individual volume number,series and number,city and state of publication; publisher,date of publication,page number (s),Leonard Shatzkin, In Col
12、d Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis (Boston: Houghton, 1982), 45.,complete name of the author,title of the book,city and state of publication,date of publication,page number (s),Benjamin Woolley,Virtual Worlds: A Journey in Hype and Hyperreality,(Cambridge: Blackwell,1992),100.,A:,B:,C：,D:,First Refe
13、rence and Subsequent Reference 首次引用和后续引用,The first time you cite a source in the notes, give a complete entry in the correct format for the bibliographical style you are using throughout the paper.,For a article in a periodical,A complete entry includes the following information (if applicable):,com
14、plete name of the author (if provided),title of the article,name of the periodical,volume and number of the issue,date,page number (s),C. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature,” Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no.28 (1979): 22.,complete name of the author
15、(if provided),title of the article,name of the periodical,number of the issue,date,page number (s),After the first complete reference note, use a shortened format for subsequent references to the same work.,In most cases, the last name of the author and the page number serve to identify the work.,Su
16、bsequent reference notes should provide enough information to allow the reader to locate the original note or the bibliography entry, but they should be no longer than necessary.,Subsequent Reference 后续引用,Leonard Shatzkin, In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis (Boston: Houghton, 1982), 45.,Shatzkin, 45.,When more than one work by an author is cited, each subsequent reference must include not only the name of the author, but also the title
