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1、专业英语阅读与翻译基础知识,一、翻译的标准和过程1.翻译的标准,（1）忠实 译文要忠实于原文，准确地、完整地表达原文的内容。译者不得任意对原文内容加以歪曲、增删、遗漏和篡改。 （2）通顺 译文语言必须通顺易懂。 （3）符合规范 用词造句应符合本民族语言的习惯，用民族的、科学的、大众的语言。,2.翻译过程,（1）理解阶段 A.理解语言现象 译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和惯用法等等。 例如： Suddenly the line went limp. “Im going back,” said Kurth. “We must have a break somewhere. Wai
2、t for me. Ill be back in five minutes.”,引爆电线突然耷拉下来。库尔斯说，“我回去看看。一定是哪个地方断了。等一等，我五分钟就回来。”,又如 John is with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster. 译为：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。, 惯用法 since从句中的过去式联系动词was或were是使一种状态的结束。,B.理解逻辑关系 C.理解原文所涉及的事物 John can be relied on.
3、He eats no fish and plays the game.,to eat no fish和to play the game分别是典故和习语。,to eat no fish出自一个典故，指英国伊利莎白女王时代，耶稣教徒为了表示对政府忠诚，拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在星期五只吃鱼的习俗。因此，to eat no fish是表示“忠诚”的意思。 to play the game和to play fair（规规矩矩地比赛）同义，由此转译为“公平对待”、“举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。,（2）表达阶段,A.直译 就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式特别指保
4、持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 But I hated Sakamoto,and I had a feeling hed surely lead us both to our ancestors.,译为：但是我恨坂本，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。,B.意译 Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. Do you see any green in my eye? （3）校核阶段,3.在翻译过程中应注意下面几点：,首先阅读待译的全文，了解其内容大意，专业范围和体裁风格，然后才着手翻译。如条件许可，在动手之前应熟悉一下有关的专业知识，社会背景等
5、。 遇到生词，不要马上查辞典，应根据上下文先分析判断，是属于普遍用语，还是属于专业范畴。如果是专业词汇，则应更进一步确定是属于哪一具体学科，然后再有目的地去查找普通辞典或有关的专业辞典。,翻译时，最好不要看一句译一句，而应该看一小段，译一小段。这样做，便于从上下文联系中辨别词义，也便于注意句与句之间的衔接，段与段之间的联系，使译文通顺流畅，而不致成为一句句孤立译文的堆砌。 翻译科技文献并不象翻译文艺作品那样要求在语言形象、修辞手段上花很大气力，但却要求概念清楚，逻辑正确，数据无误，文字简练。,二、英语科技文献的阅读,科学技术文献的特点主要是述说事理，逻辑性强，结构严密，术语繁多。 具体说是无人
6、称句子多、被动语态多、专业名词和术语多、非谓语动词（过去分词、现在分词、动名词、动词不定式）多、长句子多。,1.长句分析和注意点,（1）先找长句中有几个谓语、几个连词（如and，when等）和关联词（如定语从句中的which，that等）。若不是并列谓语，就可根据谓语再找其相应的主语，从而把长句化为几个简单句。,AWhen a body which has a certain temperature becomes hotter we say that heat has been added to it. “ ”表示主语；“ ”表示谓语；“ ”表示从属连词和关联词；“”表示前后相呼应的搭配关系
7、。 可译为：当具有某一温度的物体变为更热时，我们说有热量加到该物体上去了。,B. In fact, the generally accepted theory now is that the production of rain depends upon the presence of dust particles in the air, which serve as nuclei about which the drops may form. 事实上，目前一般公认的理论是：雨滴形成依赖于空气尘粒的存在，而尘粒可作为雨滴生成于其上的晶核。,（2）注意省略成分,A. There are thre
8、e things we have to know about every force in order to be able to understand the effect it produced. There are three things we have to know about every force in order to be able to understand the effect it produced. we和it前都省略了作宾语的关联词which（或that），分别说明前面的things和effect。 译为：为了了解每个力所产生的效果，我们必须知道力的三要素。,B.
9、 The amount of energy is the amount of positive work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in to some other condition. The amount of energy is the amount of positive work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in to some other condition. 上句中the body和it前分别省略了关联词which。这两个w
10、hich分别作do和in的宾语。 可译为：该能量系物体从所处的条件转变到另外某一条件时所做的正功。,（3）注意词的搭配以及前后相呼应的连词或关联词,A. Then we may speak of anything whose voltage is higher than that of the earth as being positive, and of anything whose voltage is less than that of the earth as being negative.,Then we may speak of anything whose voltage is
11、higher than that of the earth as being positive, and of anything whose voltage is less than that of the earth as being negative. “speak ofas” 用as引出宾语补语，这时宾语补语前插上定语从句也仍能识别。and后省略了may speak。句中两个that是代替voltage的。 译为：于是我们可以把凡是比地球电位高的物体说成是带正电的，而把凡是比地球电位低的物体说成是带负电的。,B. Saturated steam is that which is in t
12、he presence of, and at the same temperature as the water from which it was evaporated.,Saturated steam is that which is in the presence of, and at the same temperature as the water(is)from which it was evaporated. in the presence of的宾语是as从句内的主语water。看到as时，必须注意前后有否相搭配的词。这里乃是the same和as相呼应。 译为：饱和蒸汽是那种
13、同蒸发它的水同时存在，并具有与蒸发它的水同样温度的蒸汽。,（4）注意从句套从句的复杂语言现象,A. We must therefore conclude that when the distance between the molecules is very small, there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases.,因此我们必须断定：当分子之间的距离很小时，就产生排斥力，并且这种排斥力随着分子间的距离减小
14、而迅速增加。,We must therefore conclude that when the distance between the molecules is very small, there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases. 主句带两个并列的宾语从句，而两个宾语从句内又各带一个时间从句。,如果在物体受某一力变形后，由于移走该力而使物体又恢复原来形状和大小，则我们说这种材料具有弹性。,B. If, a
15、fter a body is deformed by some force, it returns to its original shape or size as the distorting force is removed, the material is said to be elastic. If, after a body is deformed by some force, it returns to its original shape or size as the distorting force is removed, the material is said to be
16、elastic. 条件从句本身带有时间从句和原因从句，主句在最后。,（5）注意不定式、-ing和过去分词在句中作次要成分时又引出从句的现象,A. It is clear that we have many reasons to say that energy is the capacity a body has for doing work. It is clear that we have many reasons to say that energy is the capacity a body has for doing work. （作定语用的不定式to say引出宾语从句）很清楚，我们有许多理由说能量是物体所具有的做功本领。,由于混合物的组成可以有变化，所以一定有一种可以鉴别溶液内有多少溶质的方法。,B. Because mixtures vary in composition there must be a way of telling how much solute is present in a solution. Because mixtur
