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1、1,形合与意合,所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。 The American Heritage Dictionary 给形合定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you dont come.” 所谓意合，指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。The World Book D
2、ictionary 给意合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away”,2,英语句子结构特点：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法。 这说明英语是形合的语言，结构严谨。 汉语句子结构特点：话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意尽为界。 这说明汉语是意合的语言，结构松散，形散而神聚，用词简洁。 英译汉技巧：形
3、合变意合，显性变隐性，去掉关联词语。 汉译英技巧：意合变形合，隐性变显性，增加关联词语。,3,英语形合法 英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应(overt cohesion) ，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式(cohesive ties) 不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁： 1关系词和连接词。 关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并
4、列连词和从属连词，如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either (n)or, 及when, while, as, since, until, sothat, unless, lest 等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少用甚至不用这些词。,4,1) All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the lit
5、tle copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 2) When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有
6、深浅之分。 3) It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.,5,那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。 4) It is flattering to believe that they ar
7、e too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. （W. S. Maugham: Lucidity, Simplicity, Euphony） 认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的
8、作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 5) It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. (
9、W. Thackeray: Vanity Fair),6,一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能满足。 2介词 介词包括简单介词（如with, to, in, of, about, between, through） 、合成介词（如inside, onto, upon, within, without, throughout） 和成语介词（如according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, on behalf
10、of, with regard to）。据G. Curme 统计，英语各类介词共约286个。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一，是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。 R. Bander 指出：“A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence. Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing. Over
11、ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions: with, to, from, at, in, of, by, for and on. ”英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则常常不用或省略介词。,7,The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 2) He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradict
12、ory ideas in rapid succession. 他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 3) This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。 4) Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if
13、 it is carried by an electric current. 电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方，其消耗几乎可以忽略不计,8,5) The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind. 当前，车辆横冲直闯，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。 6) Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the
14、 appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。 7) She said, with perfect truth, that “ it must be delightful to have a brother,” and easily got the pity of tenderhearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred. (“Vanity Fair”) 她说道，“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。她没爹没娘，又没
15、有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃，软心肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她可怜。,9,3其他连接手段，如形态变化形式，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性、数、格、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致的关系（grammatical and emotional concord），广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系，以及用“it”和“there”作替补词（expletives）起连接作用等等。英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段，把各种成分连接起来，构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑关系。如： 1) He boasts that a slave is fr
16、ee the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.,10,他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。 2) They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名，人们会说他们贸然采取行动，使最高级会议遭到搁浅，而且，可以设想，还
