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1、Unit 4 Earthquakes（一）Earthquakes地震Earthquakes, also called temblors, can be so tremendously destructive. Its hard to imagine they occur by the thousands every day around the world, usually in the form of small tremors.地震的另一个表达是temblors，是有可能造成极大破坏的灾难。世界上各个角落每天都在发生着数以千计的小型地震。Some 80 percent of all the
2、 planets earthquakes occur along the rim of the Pacific Ocean, called the Ring of Fire because of the preponderance of volcanic activity there as well. Most earthquakes occur at fault zones, where tectonic plates giant rock slabs that make up the Earths upper layer collide or slide against each othe
3、r. These impacts are usually gradual and unnoticeable on the surface; however, immense stress can build up between plates. When this stress is released quickly, it sends massive vibrations, called seismic waves, often hundreds of miles through the rock and up to the surface. Other quakes can occur f
4、ar from faults zones when plates are stretched or squeezed.世界上80%左右的地震和火山发生在太平洋沿岸，因为此地区火山爆发很多，所有又叫环太平洋火山地震带。大多数地震发生在断裂带也就是大陆板块(组成地球表面的巨大土石块)的交界处，当两块板块移动、相撞的时候就会引发地震或火山爆发。尽管这些影响通常很缓慢也不明显，我们感觉不到。但是板块移动、相撞的能量会不断积聚，当能量剧增的时候，就会释放出大量震波，这种震波会通过岩石从数百英里深传达到地表。这种波叫做地震波。而不发生在断裂带上的地震是由板块扩张或压缩所引起的。Scientists ass
5、ign a magnitude rating to earthquakes based on the strength and duration of their seismic waves. A quake measuring 3 to 5 is considered minor or light; 5 to 7 is moderate to strong; 7 to 8 is major; and 8 or more is great.根据地震的强度和地震波的辐射范围，科学家把地震分成不同的级别：3-5级是有感地震，5-7级是中强震，7-8级被定义为强震，8级以上就是特大地震了。 On a
6、verage, a magnitude 8 quake strikes somewhere every year and some 10,000 people die in earthquakes annually. Collapsing buildings claim by far the majority of lives, but the destruction is often compounded by mud slides, fires, floods, or tsunamis. Smaller temblors that usually occur in the days fol
7、lowing a large earthquake can complicate rescue efforts and cause further deaths and destruction.一般来说，每年都会发生一次八级地震，而每年因地震死亡的人数也会在1万人左右。地震引起的房屋倒塌通常造成了绝大多数的伤亡，而地震带来的危害还包括由此引发的泥石流、火灾、洪灾和海啸。在一次大地震过后的数日里总是会发生一些规模稍小的余震，余震会加大救援难度，会造成更多伤亡和损失。Loss of life can be avoided through emergency planning, education,
8、 and the construction of buildings that sway rather than break under the stress of an earthquake.想要减少地震伤亡，一方面可以通过实施紧急预案和地震知识普及教育，另一方面要提高房屋的抗震系数：因为抗震系数搞的建筑物可以在地震来袭之时摇而不倒。（二）When The Earth Quakes当地震发生时On the night of August 17, 1959, at about 20 minutes before midnight, the ground in the vicinity of Y
9、ellowstone National Park began shaking violently. At the time there was a rumbling sound, something like a huge truck would make. Both the heaving of the ground and the noise were very frightening but lasted not quite 45 seconds.1959年8月17日的晚上，大约午夜前20分钟，黄石国家公园附近大地开始猛烈晃动。同时，大地轰鸣，就像重型卡车发出的轰响一样。地面的起伏和轰响
10、都十分可怕，但是这一切总共不超过45秒。What was even more frightening was the sound of huge boulders which began rolling down the steep mountain. In one part of the upper reaches of the Madison River, a whole mountain began shifting, then came crashing down to fill the deep valley and dam the great river with millions
11、 of tons of rocks and trees.更可怕的是巨石开始从陡峭的山上滚下来的声音。在麦迪生河上游的一条支流处，一整座山动了起来，之后，它崩塌下来，填平了深深的山谷，上百万吨的岩石和大树如大坝般堵住了这条大河。A dozen or more campers along the river were buried deep beneath the great landslide. Others were able to climb to safety, some of them badly hurt, but were trapped by the slide. Finally
12、these people were saved, many of them by helicopter.十几个或许更多沿河露营的人被深埋在这次大滑坡下面。幸存的野营者爬到了安全的地方，其中一些人伤得很重，但是他们仍然不时陷入滑坡。最后这些人都获救了，其中很多人被直升飞机救走了。This earthquake near Yellowstone Park was just one of nearly a million that happen every year all over the world. And as bad as this quake was, many have been wo
13、rse. 这场在黄石公园附近发生的地震仅仅是每年全世界发生的上百万次地震中的一次。若就地震灾害结果而论，有许多地震比这次地震更严重。Earthquake experts say that the Yellowstone quake of 1959 was about as bad as the one which hit San Francisco in 1906. But the San Francisco quake caused more damage because it struck in a place where there were so many people living.
14、 In San Francisco 700 person lost their lives.地震专家说，1959年的黄石地震和1906年发生在旧金山的地震差不多大。但是旧金山地震造成的破坏更多，因为它发生在人口密集地方。在旧金山约700人丧失生命。An earthquake in Japan in 1923 took 160,000 lives. In China in 1920 an earthquake took 200,000 lives. It is easy to understand why earthquake are so feared.1923 年发生在日本的地震夺走了16万
15、人的生命。1920年发生在中国的一场大地震造成20万人死亡。因此，很容易理解人们为什么非常恐惧地震。What causes these terrible shakes of the very ground on which we live?是什么原因造成我们生活的这块土地发生可怕的晃动？To answer that question we must first understand some things about the earth itself.要回答这个问题，我们必须首先要了解关于地球自身的一些情况。Forty miles deep in the earth is the edge o
16、f the outer crust of the earth, and there it is so hot that instead of hard rock there is material much like the hot lava that a volcano erupts.地表下40英里深处是地球外壳的边缘。这里温度非常高，如同火山喷出的岩浆般的物质代替了坚硬的岩石。It is the earths 40 mile deep crust with which we are concerned when we seek the cause of earthquake.我们要寻求地震的起因，这40英里厚的地壳恰恰是我们应该关心的地带。The earths crust is formed of many different layers of rocks. The layers of rock
