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1、吴宜涛 2013/5,Chapter 8 Inversion 倒置法,Inversion implies a necessary change of word order to conform to the good usage in the target language. Besides differences of word order in sentence structures, logical sequences of thinking, saying and writing between the two languages may differ, which is especi
2、ally true of long sentences.,Contents,词组或短语的词序 定语的词序 定语与名词的词序 前置序列定语 定语从句 句子结构,Inversion of Word Order in Translating Word-Groups or Phrases Four cardinal points: north, south, east, and west. Northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest Men and women, young and old; sisters and brothers Sooner or lat
3、er; rich and poor; loss and gain,Examples: 无地和少地的农民 peasants who have little or no land 中小企业 small and medium-sized enterprises 我们并不认为，他们必须或者应当采取我们的做法。 We do not maintain that they should or must adopt our way.,Inversion of Word Order in Translating Attributes Invert the word order of the attributiv
4、e and the noun consul general 总领事 court-martial 军事法庭 God Almighty 万能的神（上帝）,Invert the word order in translating a series of attributive modifiers before a noun She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington. 她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，有才华，又迷人，但有点脾气。 T
5、he order in multiple attribution General principle for placing several attributive modifiers before a noun,Position of Adjective Clauses In English, adjective clauses are divided into two kinds: restrictive and non-restrictive. These are all placed after the noun they modify. In translation, however
6、, they are treated in different ways. 1. Restrictive adjective clauses which confine the meanings of nouns usually precede the nouns they modify to make the expressions closely connected in structure if they are not very long. Objects that do not transfer light cause shadows. 不透光的物体会造成阴影。,Most of th
7、e people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. 历史书上出现得最频繁和最为显耀的人物大多是一些伟大的征服者、将军和士兵，而那些真正推动文明前进的人却往往名不见经传。,2. Adjective clauses which on
8、ly have descriptive or supplementary function for the nouns preceded, or very long adjective clauses, often follow, yet sometimes precede, the nouns they modify. These are translated in various ways, being separated from the main clauses. (1) Translate the English adjective clauses into Chinese coor
9、dinate clauses: You, whose ancestors pioneered the paths of modern civilization, have taken the road to higher forms of social organization and culture. 你们的祖先开辟了走向现代文明的道路，而你们现在已踏上了走向更高级的社会组织和文化形式的道路。,(2) Translate the English adjective clauses into Chinese subordinate(adverbial) clauses denoting pur
10、pose, result, reason, condition, concession, etc. John, who was sick yesterday, did not come to class. 约翰昨天病了，没有来上课。 (reason) They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 他们企图镇压反抗，但是反抗却越来越激烈，并已遍及全国了。 (result) In a dispute between two states with whi
11、ch one is friendly, try not to get involved. 当两国发生争端时，如与两国皆友好，则应尽量避免卷入。(condition),So my chances of getting to revolutionary China are pretty slim although I have not given up my efforts to get a passport, which will enable me to visit the countries of Socialism. 因此，我到革命的中国来的希望相当小了，虽然我并没有放弃努力，来争取获得护
12、照，以便访问社会主义国家。 (purpose) Peter, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiments, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically. 虽然彼得在做实验之前从头到尾仔细阅读过操作指南，但是由于他生搬硬套，所以得不到满意的结果。(concession),Inversion of Sentence Structure English and Chinese fin
13、d their differences in the arrangement of sentence structure. A common rule for what to be the first and what to be the next in arranging a sentence is often like the following:,Effect & Cause We are delighted with the two superpowers treaty limiting the number of anti-ballistic missile systems that
14、 they may retain and their agreement on limitations on strategic offensive weapons. 两个超级大国签订了限制它们可保留的反弹道导弹系统的数目的条约并达成了限制进攻性战略武器的协议，对此我们感到高兴。,Conclusion & Analysis The solution to the problem of Southern Africa cannot remain forever hostage to the political maneuvers and tactical delays by South Afri
15、ca, nor to its transparent proposals aimed at procrastination and the postponement of the solution. 不管是南非耍政治花招和策略上的拖延手段，还是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建议，都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。,Hypothesis & Premise Our country could be effective in both the tasks outlined by the Presidentthat is, of making a contribution to a permanent
16、peace in the Middle East as well as of ending hostilitiesif we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation. 如果我们采取行动，以便能够继续与中东问题各方始终保持接触，那么我国就能有效地担当起总统所提出的两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平做出贡献。,小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。 The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny
