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1、Rhetorical options*1、What is rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric)the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. (Longman
2、 Modern English Dictionary)2、 Whats the purpose of rhetoric?（两种说法）The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.“to enlighten the understanding , to please the
3、imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” (18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell）*3、What is discussed in rhetoric?（contents of rhetorical） Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem
4、of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language.4、The Highest Principles of
5、 Rhetoricthe highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability” or “appropriateness”.Sentence（syntactic device）1、 What is sentence？A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qua
6、lities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调）2、 句子的组成A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied).wordscorrect grammarmeaning 3、 句子的分类Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:Grammatical C
7、lassification of Sentences I. As to meaning: II. As to Form: 1. Declarative Sentence 1. Simple Sentence 2. Interrogative Sentence 2. Compound Sentence（并列） 3. Imperative Sentence 3. Complex Sentence （复合） 4. Exclamatory Sentence 4. Compound Complex SentenceRhetorical Classification of SentencesIII. As
8、 to Arrangement 1. Periodic Sentence （圆周句）left-branching sentence 2. Loose Sentence（松散句）right-branching sentence 3. Balanced Sentence4、The short and long sentenceShort sentences, on the whole, are characterized by their brevity, quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form,
9、 clear in grammatical relation, and terse and forceful in style.Long sentence is relatively complex in form, fully expressive in capacity, and often used in formal style to show ones complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things. 5、the simple，compound and complex sentenc
10、eA Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement, and so it is good for directness and clearness.The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status, that is, the clauses are paratactic (parallel; coordinate) in relationship.The complex sentence make
11、s clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions. Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：*6、the branching sentences Right-branching sentence（loose sentence）：Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：the pe
12、riodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion.Right-branching sentence（loose sentence）：in a loose sentence, the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence,and supportive or qualifying informatio
13、n comes from it. *7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning,it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases or clauses.Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence
14、to what one wishes to communicate。Antithesis对比：antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis。Chiasmus回文 and antimetabole交叉：chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements， the second of which reverses t
15、he order of the words in the first，with or without a repetition of words。For example：we eat for live，not live for eat。（here the key words in the first statement are repeated，and reversed in order in the second。This is called antimetabole。）he was an angle on the surface，but at heart a knave。（here there is no repetition of words;but the position of the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is called chiasmus.）climax(渐进)：it is extremely effective in stirring up feeli
