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1、 Okay. The last class we talked about the brain. Now were going to talk a little bit about some foundations. So today and Monday were going to talk about two very big ideas and these ideas are associated with Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner and are psychoanalysis and behaviorism. And I want to talk
2、about psychoanalysis today and behaviorism next week. Now, one of these things-One of the things that makes these theories so interesting is their scope. Most of the work were going to talk about in this class-Most of the ideas are narrow. So, were going to talk about somebodys idea about racial pre
3、judice but thats not a theory of language acquisition. Well talk about theories of schizophrenia but theyre not explanations of sexual attractiveness. Most theories are specialized theories but these two views are grand theories. Theyre theories of everything, encompassing just about everything that
4、 matters, day-to-day life, child development, mental illness, religion, war, love. Freud and Skinner had explanations of all of these. Now, this is not a history course. I have zero interest in describing historical figures in psychology just for the sake of telling you about the history of the fiel
5、d. What I want to tell you about though is-I want to talk about these ideas because so much rests on them and, even more importantly, a lot of these ideas have critical influence on how we think about the present. And thats there. pointing at the slide Now, for better or worse, we live in a world pr
6、ofoundly affected by Sigmund Freud. If I had to ask you to choose a-no, name a famous psychologist, the answer of most of you would be Freud. Hes the most famous psychologist ever and hes had a profound influence on the twentieth and twenty-first century. Some biographical information: He was born i
7、n the 1850s. He spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria, but he died in London and he escaped to London soon after retreating there at the beginning of World War II as the Nazis began to occupy where he lived. Hes one of the most famous scholars ever but hes not known for any single discovery. Ins
8、tead, hes known for the development of an encompassing theory of mind, one that he developed over the span of many decades. He was in his time extremely well known, a celebrity recognized on the street, and throughout his life. He was a man of extraordinary energy and productivity, in part because h
9、e was a very serious cocaine addict, but also just in general. He was just a high-energy sort of person. He was up for the Nobel Prize in medicine and in literature; didnt get either one of them; didnt get the prize in medicine because Albert Einstein-Everybody loves Albert Einstein. Well, Albert Ei
10、nstein really wrote a letter because they asked for opinions of other Nobel Prizes. He wrote a letter saying, Dont give the prize to Freud. He doesnt deserve a Nobel Prize. Hes just a psychologist. Well, yeah. Okay. While hes almost universally acclaimed as a profoundly important intellectual figure
11、, hes also the object of considerable dislike. This is in part because of his character. He was not a very nice man in many ways. He was deeply ambitious to the cause of promoting psychoanalysis, to the cause of presenting his view and defending it, and he was often dishonest, extremely brutal to hi
12、s friends, and terrible to his enemies. He was an interesting character. My favorite Freud story was as he was leaving Europe during the rise of the Nazis, as he was ready to go to England from, I think, either Germany or Austria, he had to sign a letter from the Gestapo. Gestapo agents intercepted
13、him and demanded he sign a letter saying that at no point had he been threatened or harassed by the Gestapo. So he signs the letter and then he writes underneath it, The Gestapo has not harmed me in any way. In fact, I highly recommend the Gestapo to everybody. Its-He had a certain aggression to him
14、. He was also-Hes also disliked, often hated, because of his views. He was seen as a sexual renegade out to destroy the conception of people as good and rational and pure beings. And when the Nazis rose to power in the 1930s he was identified as a Jew who was devoted to destroying the most sacred no
15、tions of Christianity and to many, to some extent, many people see him this way. And to some extent, this accusation has some truth to it. Freud made claims about people that many of us, maybe most of us, would rather not know. Well, okay. What did he say? Well, if you ask somebody who doesnt like F
16、reud what he said, theyll describe some of the stupider things he said and, in fact, Freud said a lot of things, some of which were not very rational. For instance, hes well known for his account of phallic symbols, arguing certain architectural monuments are subconsciously developed as penile representations. And related to this, he developed the notorious theory of penis envy. And penis envy is an account of a developmental state that every one of you who is female has gone t
