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1、Legal Translation,法律翻译的一般原则,法律翻译专题,Nevertheless, nothing is now more obvious than that the criterion of a translation，whether communicative or semantic，must be its measure of accuracy，its ability to reproduce the greatest possible degree of the meaning of the original：the heart of the meaning being
2、the message in communicative translationthe significance，the enduring value and importance in semantic translation(Newmark，1988：44),法律翻译专题,Most non-literary writing，journalism，informative articles and books，textbooks，reports，scientific and technological writing，non-personal correspondence，propaganda
3、，publicity，public notices，standardized writing，popular fictionthe run-of-the-mill texts which have to be translated today but were not translated and in most cases did not exist a hundred years ago-comprise typical material suitable for communicative translationOn the other hand，original expression，
4、whether the specific language of the speaker or writer is as important as the content，whether it is philosophical，religious，political，scientific，technical or literary，needs to be translated semantically(Newmark，1988：66),法律翻译的六项应用型作业原则,1)准确性及精确性(Accuracy and Precision) 2)一致性及同一性(Consistency and Ident
5、ity)； 3)清晰及简练(Clarity and Concision)； 4)专业化(Professionalism)； 5)语言规范化(Standardized Language)； 6)集体作业(Tearm Work)。,1、准确性及精确性,要求及重要意义： The lawyer must be more precise in his writing than almost anyone elseMost writers can expect their work to be read in good faith，that is，with an honest desire to unde
6、rstand what was meantBut the lawyer must write in constant fear o f what we might call the reader in bad faith，the man looking for loopholes in the contract so as to avoid liability for his failure to perform，the disappointed heir who wants the will read in a way that would defeat the testators inte
7、ntion，the criminal defendant who wants the statute interpreted so as not to cover his act，and all the others who will want to twist the meaning of words for their own ends(Chen，1992：164165),1、准确性及精确性,例l 所有董事会成员须由合营方委派和撤换。 (all the directors shall be appointed and replaced by the parties t0 the ventu
8、re)(Chen，1992：166),1、准确性及精确性,例2 如果买方对品质有异议，可以在货到目的口岸或收货后30天内向卖方提出索赔。 (In case the Buyers have disputes over the quality of the goods，the Buyers may，within 30 days after arrival at the destination port or delivery of goods，file a claim against the Sellers,1、准确性及精确性,例3 外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗，造成损失的，应赔偿
9、损失。 (If the foreign joint -venturer causes losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technology and equipment，he shall pay compensation for the losses)(Chen，1992：166),1、准确性及精确性,正确译文应该如下： “If the foreign joint venturer causes any loss or losses by deception through the intentional u
10、se of backward technology and equipment，he shall pay compensation there-for”(Chen，1992：166),1、准确性及精确性,例4 The defense produced EXD1，a medical report which showed that the appellant had suffered abrasion to both hands，arms and elbows and clinical fractures to both legs and arms(辩方将一份医生报告，证物D1，呈堂。报告指出上
11、诉人双手，手臂及手肘都有擦伤，而且双手和双脚都有骨折。)(Court Interpreters Journal,1996：11),2、一致性及同一性,法律文体一书的作者Henry Weihofen强调说： .exactness often demands repeating the same term to express the same ideaWhere that is true，never be afraid o f using the same word over and over againMany more sentences are spoiled by trying to a
12、void repetition than by repetition(Chen，1992：164165),2、一致性及同一性,The Customs supervising fees on the import goods granted with duty reduction and exemption and that on the goods in bond shall be collected in accordance with the Customs Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China Governing the Collect
13、ion of Customs Supervising Fees on Import Goods Granted with Duty Reduction or Exemption and the Bonded Goods(李文阳，1994：14),2、一致性及同一性,这是上海市涉外经济法规规章汇编中的一段规定。 对照以下原文：“保税区的减免税货物、保税货物的监管手续费，应当按照中华人民共和国海关对进口减税、免税和保税货物征收海关监管手续费的办法办理。”,2、一致性及同一性,For the purpose of this Part一 (a) an instrument is false i f i
14、t purports to have been (i) made in the form in which it is made by a person who did not in fact make it that form； (ii) made in the form in which it is made on the authority of a person who did not in fact authorize its making in that form； (iii) made in terms in which it is made by a person who di
15、d not in fact make it in those terms：,2、一致性及同一性,(iv) made in terms in which it is made on the authority of a person who did not in fact authorize its making on those terms； (v) altered in any respect by a person who did not in fact alter it in that respect； (vi) altered in any respect on the authori
16、ty of any person who did not in fact authorize its alteration in that respect；,2、一致性及同一性,(vii)就本部而言 (a)任何文书如有以下情况，即属虚假 (i)该文书是以某种式样制成，并看来是由某人以该式样制成，但事实上该人并无以该式样制造该文书； (ii)该文书是以某种式样制成，并看来是获某人授权以该式样制造，但事实上该人并无授权以该式样制造该文书； (iii)该文书是按某些条款制造，但事实上该人并无按该等条款制造该文书；,2、一致性及同一性,(iv)该文书是按某些条款制成，并看来是获某人授权按该等条款制造，但事实上该人并无授权按该等条款制造该文书； (v)该文书看来曾由某人在某些方面予以更改，但事实上该人并无授权在该方面予以更改； (vi)该文书看来是获某人授权在某方面予以更改，但事实上该人并无在某方面予以更改； (vii)(Laws of HongKong，“Crimes Ordinance”，1996：44),3、清晰及简练,例5 The district court，on the oth
