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1、7,Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,什么是消费者剩余？如何在需求曲线上表示？ 什么是生产者剩余？如何在供给曲线上表示？ 有市场配置的结果是合意的吗？或者市场结果能否进一步改善？,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,福利经济学,复习，资源配置是指： 每种货物生产多少 用哪种方法生产 哪些消费者消费 福利经济学（Welfare economics）研
2、究资源配置如何影响经济福利 首先，让我们来看消费者的福利。,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,支付意愿Willingness to Pay (WTP),买者的支付意愿是指每个消费者愿意支付的最高价格，他衡量买者对物品的评价。 WTP 衡量买者对物品的评价。,Example: 4 buyers WTP for an iPod,消费者剩余（CS）Consumer Surplus,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,支付意愿与需求曲线WTP and the
3、 Demand Curve,Q:如果iPod的价格是$200，谁将买它，需求数量是多少？,A:Anthony & Flea will buy an iPod, Chad & John will not. Hence, Qd = 2 when P = $200.,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,WTP and the Demand Curve,引申出需求表,4,John, Chad, Anthony, Flea,0 125,3,Chad, Anthony, Flea,126 175,2,Anthony, Flea,176
4、 250,1,Flea,251 300,0,nobody,$301 & up,Qd,who buys,P (price of iPod),CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,WTP and the Demand Curve,P,Q,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,关于台阶形状,需求曲线看起来就像台阶，每个买者都有一个台阶。,P,Q,如果买者有无数多，就是完全竞争市场。,台阶就会变成无穷个，这些台阶就会变成光滑的曲线。,CHAPTER 7 CONSU
5、MERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,WTP and the Demand Curve,在任何产量点Q上，需求曲线的高度都是边际买者的支付意愿，如果价格高于支付意愿，买者将离开。,P,Q,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,消费者剩余(Consumer surplus)：买者的意愿支付减去买者实际支付的量。 CS = WTP P,Suppose P = $260. Fleas CS = $300 260 = $40. 其他人没有CS，因为在这个价格上他们选择不买。 Total CS
6、= $40.,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余,P,Q,P = $260 Fleas CS = $300 260 = $40 Total CS = $40,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,CS and the Demand Curve,P,Q,假如 P = $220 Fleas CS = $300 220 = $80 Anthonys CS =$250 220 = $30 Total CS = $110,CHAPTER
7、7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,CS and the Demand Curve,P,Q,当产量从0到Q时，消费者剩余的总量就是需求曲线以下和价格线以上所包围的面积,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,大量买者的剩余与光滑的需求曲线,The demand for shoes,在Q=5的产量点上，边际买者的支付意愿是$50 ，假设P = $30，则CS= $20.,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKET
8、S,CS with Lots of Buyers & a Smooth D Curve,鞋子 的需求,CS 就是产量从0到Q,需求曲线和价格线所包围的面积。 Recall: area of a triangle equals x base x height Height =$60 30 = $30. So, CS = x 15 x $30 = $225.,$,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,价格上升（降低）如何减少（增加）消费者剩余,If P rises to $40, CS = x 10 x $20 = $100.
9、有两个原因使得消费者剩余减少.,消费者剩余衡量什么,1、衡量了买者从一种物品中得到的自己感觉到的利益； 2、反映了经济福利。,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1: Consumer surplus,17,P,$,Q,demand curve,A. 找出当Q = 10 时买者的边际支付意愿WTP. . B.找出当P = $30 时的消费者剩余CS。,假设P价降到$20 ，消费者剩余由于下列原因增加了多少,C. 买者进入市场。 D.现存买者支付更低的价格。,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1: Answers,18,P,$,Q,demand curv
10、e,A.At Q = 10, marginal buyers WTP is $30. B.CS = x 10 x $10 = $50,P falls to $20.,C. 新买者增加的CS= x 10 x $10 = $50 D. 初始买者增加的CS= 10 x $10 = $100,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,成本与销售意愿,每个供给者只有在价格超过了他的成本才生产和销售货物。 因此，成本衡量了供给者的意愿销售。,成本是每个供给者为了生产物品而必须放弃的价值（机会成本）。 成本包括生产物品的资源，也包括供给者的时
11、间价值。 例如：有三个割草机供给者的成本。,生产者剩余,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,Cost and the Supply Curve,3,35 & up,2,20 34,1,10 19,0,$0 9,Qs,P,从成本数据得出供给表,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,Cost and the Supply Curve,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,Cost and
12、the Supply Curve,P,Q,在任何产量点Q上，供给曲线的高度都是边际供给者的成本，如果价格低于成本，供给者将离开。,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,P,Q,生产者剩余Producer surplus （PS）:卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产成本。,PS = P cost,用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余,P,Q,PS = P cost,Suppose P = $25. Ange
13、los PS = $15 Hunters PS = $5 Kittys PS = $0 Total PS = $20,PS等于产量从0到Q时，供给曲线以上和价格线以下所包围的面积。,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,大量卖者的剩余与光滑的供给曲线,鞋子的供给,假设 P = $40. At Q = 15, 则卖者的边际成本是$30, 他的生产者剩余是 $10.,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,PS with Lots of Sellers & a
14、Smooth S Curve,The supply of shoes,PS是产量从0到Q时，价格线一下供给曲线以上所包围的面积。 三角形的高度是 $40 15 = $25. 所以, PS = x b x h = x 25 x $25 = $312.50,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,价格下降（上升）如何减少（增加）生产者剩余,If P falls to $30, PS = x 15 x $15 = $112.50 两个原因使生产者剩余减少。,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2: 生产者剩余,2
15、8,P,Q,supply curve,A. 当Q=10时，找出生产者的边际成本。 B.当P = $20.时，找出生产者总剩余.,假设P上升到$30 ，找出由于下列情况使生产者剩余的增加量。,C. 销售量增加了5单位selling 5 价格在原来的基础上上升了10各单位。,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2: Answers,29,P,Q,supply curve,A. At Q = 10, 边际成本 = $20 B.PS = x 10 x $20 = $100,P rises to $30.,C.新生产者的PS= x 5 x $10 = $25 D. 原来的生产者增加的
16、 PS= 10 x $10 = $100,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,市 场 效 率,CS = (买者的评价) (买者的实际支付) = 买者从市场交易中获得的利益 PS = (卖者的实际接受) (卖者的成本) =卖者从市场交易中获得的利益 总剩余Total surplus = CS + PS = 从市场交易中获得的总剩余,CHAPTER 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS,市场的资源配置,在市场经济中，资源的配置是分散的由许多独立自主的买者和卖者自行决策。 市场配置是合意的吗？或者还有其他更好地资源配置方式吗？ 为了回答这个问题，我们用总剩余作为来衡量社会福利。,出生：年月16日（苏格兰苏格兰伐夫郡可可卡地） 逝世：年月日（苏格兰 苏格兰爱丁
