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1、高一英语必修三语法复习被动语态 二. 重难点讲解: 高一英语必修三中的主要语法点有 : 被动语态,动词不定式和定语从句,另外还涉及了主谓 一致、间接引语及连接词的用法。 被动语态专题复习 (一)被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由 be过去分词构成,be 随时态的变 化而变化。以 do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为: (1)am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. (2)has /have been done 现在完
2、成时 例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start. (3)am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例 A new cinema is being built here. (4)was/were done 一般过去时 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. (5)had been done 过去完成时 例 By the end of last year, anot
3、her new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. (6)was/were being done 过去进行时 例 A meeting was being held when I was there. (7)shall/will be done 一般将来时 例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. (8)should/would be done 过去将来时 例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it ar
4、rived. (9)shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用) 例 The project will have been completed before July. (10)should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用) 例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 (1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词be过去分词。 例 The baby should be taken good care of by the
5、 baby-sitter. (2)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变 为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. (3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主 语,其余不动。 例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy
6、was caught smoking a cigarette. (4)在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后 面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加 to。 例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. (5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词” , “动词副词”等,也可以 用于被动结构,但要
7、把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例 I dont like being laughed at in the public. (二)如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时, 不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构, 还要知道在哪些情况中使用被 动语态。 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省 by 短语) 。 例 My bike was stolen last n
8、ight. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。 例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一 个主语就够了) (三)It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, t
9、hink 等 可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that 从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.” 。有: It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道,It is believed that大家相信,It is hoped that大家希望,It is well known that众所周知,It is thought that大家认为,It is suggested that据建议。 例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (The boy is said to have pa
10、ssed the national exam. ) (四)谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1. 英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash 等, 当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时, 常用其主动形式表达被动意义, 主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较:The door wont lock. (指门本身有毛病) The door wont be locked. (指不会有人来锁
11、门,指“门没有锁”是人 的原因) 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢? 3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、 感官的系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在 主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Your reason s
12、ounds reasonable. (五)非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。 1. 在 need,want,require, hear 等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相 当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例 The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式 ; 而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例 The picture-book is well worth reading.(The
13、picture-book is very worthy to be read.) 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词 或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关 系。 ) 试比较:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被 动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。 ) 4.
14、 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动 词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice, easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting 等。 例 This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作 to work out 省略了 for me). 5. 在 too to结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例 This book is too expensive (for me
15、)to buy. 6. 在 there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点 在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。 例 There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost, 谁 lost time 不明确。 ) 7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语 的影响,下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Who is to blame for starting the
16、 fire? (六)介词 in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用, 含被动之义, 其意义相当于该名词相应动词 的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。 1. “under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中” 。常见的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治疗中), under repair(在修理中), under discussion(在讨论中), under construction(在施工中) 。 例 The building is under construction(is being constructed). 2.“beyond+名词”结构, “出乎胜过、范围、限度” 。常见的有:beyond belief (令人难以置信) , beyond ones reach(鞭长莫及) ,beyond ones control(无法控制) , beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。 例 The rumour is beyond be