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1、,Unit 1: Text A,Food Safety and Foodborne Illness 1. Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over the world are making their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response to an increasing number of food safety problems and rising consumer concern
2、s.,食品安全和食源性疾病 1. 食品安全是一个越来越重要的公众健康问题。针对日益增多的食品安全问题以及消费者对此的担忧日益加剧，世界各地的政府部门都在努力改善食品安全。,Unit 1: Text A,2. Foodborne illnesses are defined as diseases, usually caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteria or parasites. Every person is at risk of foodborne illness.,2. 食源性疾病通常是因
3、食用或饮用被细菌或病原体污染的食物或饮料而引起的疾病。每个人都有可能患上食源性疾病。,Unit 1: Text A,3. Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem, both in developed and developing countries.,3. 不管是在发达国家，还是在发展中国家，食源性疾病都是一个普遍且不断恶化的公共健康问题。,Unit 1: Text A,4. The global incidence of foodborne disease is difficult to es
4、timate, but it has been reported that in 2005 alone 1.8 million people died from diarrheal diseases. A great proportion of these cases can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.,4. 虽然全球的食源性疾病发病
5、率很难估测，但是据报道，仅2005年一年就有180万人死于腹泻类疾病，其中大部分要归咎于摄人了受污染的食物和饮用水。此外，腹泻是导致婴儿和幼童营养不良的主要原因。,Unit 1: Text A,5. In industrialized countries, the percentage of the population suffering from foodborne diseases each year has been reported to be up to 30%. In the United States of America (USA), for example, around
6、76 million cases of foodborne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.,5. 据报道，在工业化国家，每年因感染食源性疾病的人口比例上升至30。比如说美国，每年大约有7600万人感染食源性疾病，其中325000人接受住院治疗，5000人死亡。,Unit 1: Text A,6. While less well documented, developing countries bear the main impa
7、ct of the problem due to the presence of a wide range of foodborne diseases, including those caused by parasites. The widespread diarrheal diseases in many developing countries suggest major underlying food safety problems.,6. 尽管发展中国家的档案记载工作较为欠缺，事实上，它们深受食源性疾病之苦，原因在于多种食源性疾病，包括寄生虫引发的疾病的大量存在。腹泻类疾病在众多发展
8、中国家的高发病率说明这些国家存在着重大的食品安全问题。,Unit 1: Text A,7. While most foodborne diseases are occasional and often not reported, foodborne disease outbreaks may take on massive proportions. For example, in 1994,an outbreak of salmonellosis due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated
9、224,000 persons. In 1988,an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300, 000 individuals in China.,7. 大多数食源性疾病是偶发的，且常常未见诸报端，但是食源性疾病也可能大规模爆发。例如，1994年，在美国爆发的沙门杆菌病导致大约224000人感染，原因是食用了有问题的冰激凌。1988年，由于食用了受污染的毛蚶，中国爆发了甲肝，影响了大约30万人。,Unit 1: Text A,8. Majo
10、r foodborne diseases are from microorganisms. Salmonellosis is a major problem in most countries. Salmonellosis is caused by the Salmonella bacteria. Examples of foods involved in outbreaks of salmonellosis are eggs, poultry and other meats, raw milk and chocolate. Campylobacteriosis is a widespread
11、 infection. It is caused by certain species of Campylobacter bacteria. And in some countries, the reported number of cases surpasses the incidence of salmonellosis.,8. 大部分食源性疾病是微生物导致的。在大多数国家，沙门杆菌是引发感染的主因。沙门杆菌病是由沙门氏菌引起的。可能引起沙门杆菌病的食物有：鸡蛋、家禽肉和其他肉类、生牛奶以及巧克力。弯曲菌病是常见的传染病，由某些种类的弯曲杆菌属病毒引起。在有些国家，弯曲杆菌属病毒的致病人数
12、超过了沙门杆菌的致病人数。,Unit 1: Text A,9. Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic burden on communities and their health systems. The re-emergence of cholera in Peru in 1991 resulted in the loss of US $500 million in fish and fishery product exports that year.,9. 食物污染给社区以及医疗系统造成了巨大的社会和经济负担。
13、1991年在秘鲁再次爆发的霍乱致使那年的鱼类和渔业产品出口损失达5亿美元。,Unit 1: Text A,10-1. The safety of food derived from biotechnology needs to be carefully assessed. To provide the scientific basis for decisions regarding human health, new methods and policies to assess such food need to be developed and agreed upon internation
14、ally. The assessment should consider health benefits as well as possible negative health implications.,10-1. 生物技术食品的安全性需要谨慎评估。为了给关乎人类健康的决策提供科学基础，国际社会需要制定和通过评估此类食品的新方式和新政策。评估应该同时涵盖食品对健康有益的方面和可能产生的负面作用。,Unit 1: Text A,10-2. Crops modified to resist pests, foods with allergens removed or food with an i
15、ncrease of essential nutrients are possible examples of the former, while antimicrobial markers in some genetically modified foods have been suggested to be an example of the latter.,10-2. 前者包括为抗虫而改良的农作物、去过敏原的食品和添加了必要营养素的食品，而某些基因改良食品的抗微生物标记则属于后者。,Unit 1: Text A,10-3 The weighing of potential risks a
16、nd benefits is an important aspect of assessment of foods derived from biotechnology that has not received much attention in the past. Likewise, clear communication of the basis for safety assessment in this area is generally lacking at national and international levels.,10-3. 对生物技术食品的潜在危害和益处的权衡是评估的重要方面，这方面在过去未能得到足够的重视。同样，对于这个领域安全评估的基础问题，在国内和国际层面都缺乏沟通。,Unit 1: Text A,11. If not properly monitored and assessed, changes in animal husbandry practi
