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1、1,阅读理解专题（2）,-猜测词义,2,猜测词义题： 词义猜测能力是英语高考阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是历年高考中的必考题型，主要考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。,考纲解读,3,命题角度,要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。 要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。 代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。,4,词义猜测题常用的提问方式有： 1. Th
2、e word “” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _. 2.The word “” is most likely to mean _. 3. What do you think the expression “” stands for? 4. The underlined word “” means _. .,设问方式,5,应答技巧？,6,1. Definition 定义法,3. Similarity 相似法,2. Contrast 对比法,4. Cause and effect 因果法,5. Example 例举
3、法,8. Common Sense 普通常识,6. Word Formation 构词法,猜测词义,7. Context 上下文,It will be very hard but very brittle that is , it will break easily.,1. Definition 定义法： 一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。常用逗号，破折号，冒号等。,(adj. 易碎的, 脆的),The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.,(n. 牧羊人),2. Contrast 对比
4、法： 利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。 表示对比的词有but、while、however、 otherwise等。,Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented.,She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.,A. on time B. late C. slowly D. quickly,A,(v. 不同意),3. Similarity 相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。,Cle
5、aning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.,(adj. 巨大的;极大的),11,4. Cause Effect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。,One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.,That museum is
6、so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.,(adj. 贫穷的,穷困的),(adj. 大的),12,5. Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as等 。,Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color
7、televisions.,(n. 电器用具),6. Word Formation 构词法： 英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。,14,中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有： super- (超) mini- (极小的, 微小的) micro-（极微小的） re- （再，反复） mis-（误，恶） im-（不） un-（不，非） in-（不，非） non-（不，非） -able（能的 ） -
8、less（不，无） -wards (向),15,superman microwave (超人) nonnatural mispronouce (非自然的) homeless nonsmoker (无家可归的) rebuild eastwards (重建),Can you guess the right meanings?,(微波),(非烟民),(发错音),(向东),16,Eg. Im going to buy a microbus.,micro+bus 微型公共汽车,17,7. Context 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。 利用重述作为上下文猜词的线索。当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他
9、的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。常见的用来表示重述的词或短语有：,to put it another way 换句话说,or. 即，或者说,that is 也就是说,that is to say 也就是说,in other words 换句话说,A,(n. 猫头鹰),A,(n. 猿),20,In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. 逗号后的or water给出了irrigate的准确含义，即“灌溉”的意思。 They
10、 traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 逗号后的a large building in old times同位语部分重述castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。 We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m. this week. 两个破折号之间的短语重述了night shift的含义，很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。,21,根据上下文指代关系猜测代词,文章中的代词it, that, this, he,
11、 him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。,22,Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago them指的是前面出现的self-published art mag
12、azines However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题（the question）。,23,8. Common sense 普通常识：根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。,在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯
13、、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。,When a doctor performs an operation on a patient， he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.,n. 麻醉剂(药),24,Its said that Bill Gates is the most affluen
14、t person in the world. 说明：根据常识，Bill Gates 为世界首富，所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。 As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances. 说明：根据常识，Edison为发明大王，他应因“发明物”而闻名于世。,25,Inquiry-based Activities (I) 探究活动 (1),Can you guess the correct meanings of the following words? - 1. There are some glaciers moving
15、 down the mountain valleys. A glacier is a river of ice. A. 雪山 B. 树枝 C. 冰河 D. 冰 2. He is a resolute man. Once he made up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. A. weak B. firm C. kind D. clever 3. Mr. Brown is now working at Princeton University far away from home. For this reason he
16、has to rent a room near the office where he works. A. 租用 B. 借出 C. 购买 D. 参观,C,A,B,4. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer. A. work B. study C. name D. interest 5. The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbor all call her an eccentric lady. A.
