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1、1,Part One: Environmental Foundation,Chapter One: Worldwide Developments,2,Objectives of the Chapter REVIEW current trends in international investment and trade EXAMINE the present economic status in the major regions of the global community ANALYZE some of the major developments and issues in vario
2、us regions of the world,3,Introduction International Management The process of applying management concepts and techniques in a multinational environment,5,Small and medium-sized businesses are being affected by the trend toward internationalization,6,Increasing Internationalization Regional Develop
3、ments North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) A free trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico which has in essence removed all barriers to trade May expand to include Latin American countries,7,European Union (EU) Consists of 27 (2010) countries Most trade barriers have been removed
4、Euro is the common currency Pacific Rim Japan and China are the dominant economies Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),8,International Investment and Trade Foreign direct investment (FDI) The amount invested in another country Approximately 80% of all international investments come from d
5、eveloped countries,9,International trade has increased substantially over the last two decades Percentage of world trade accounted for by the three major trading blocs has remained fairly consistent Groups share of imports and exports remains in the range of 55 - 59 percent,10,-MNCs buy domestic com
6、panies rather than trying to export products to that country,11,RECENT TRENDS IN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN OECD COUNTRIES. http:/www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/30/35439819.pdf. 2007-9-9,Table 1-1,12,Table 1-2 Top 10 trading Partners of the U.S.: 1999,Importing U.S. Exporting U.S. Rank Country/District
7、Exports*RankCountry/District Imports* 1Canada166,600.0 1Canada 198,711.1 2Mexico 86,908.9 2Japan130,863.9 3Japan 57,465.7 3Mexico 109,720.5 4U.K. 38,407.1 4China 81,788.2 5Germany 26,800.2 5Germany 55,228.4 6South Korea 22,958.4 6U.K. 39,237.2 7Netherlands 19,436.6 7Taiwan 35,204.4 8Taiwan 19,131.4
8、8South Korea 31,178.6 9France 18,877.4 9France 26,708.6 10Singapore 16,247.3 10Italy 22,356.5,* in millions of dollars,13,Table 1-3 Top Ten Countries/District with which the U.S. Trades: For the month of June 2007 The values given are for Imports and Exports added together.These Countries/District r
9、epresent 66.85% of U.S. Imports, and 64.64% of U.S. Exports in goods. Source: http:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html. 2007-9-9,14,15,Table 1-4 Top Ten Countries/District with which the U.S. Trades: For the month of June 2010 The values given are for Imports and Exports added
10、 together.These Countries/District represent 66.75% of U.S. Imports, and 62.08% of U.S. Exports in goods. Source: http:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html. 2010-8-16,16,17,Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions North America NAFTA has resulted in: Elimination of tarif
11、fs as well as import and export quotas Opening of government procurement markets to companies in partner countries,18,Increased opportunity to make investments in partner countries Increased ease of travel between partner countries Removal of restrictions on agricultural products, auto parts, and en
12、ergy goods,19,United States U.S. MNCs have holdings throughout the world Foreign MNCs find U.S. to be a lucrative market,20,North America (cont.) Canada U.S.s largest trading partner Legal and business environments similar to those of the U.S. Target of increased international investment,21,Mexico E
13、conomic fortunes have varied in the recent past Mexican firms expanding worldwide operations,22,Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions (cont.) South America Countries have experienced difficult economic problems,23,Brazil Attracted substantial foreign investment Economic future still uncert
14、ain Chile Economic success story in South America Future still uncertain,24,Mercosur and Andean Common Market promote economic and social integration and cooperation Countries increasingly looking to trade with the U.S.,25,Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions (cont.) Europe Privatization
15、of traditionally nationalized industries EU intended eliminate all trade barriers among member countries,26,EU-based firms “plan globally, act locally” To gain a foothold in the EU, foreign MNCs have: created acquisitions and alliances begun co-operative research and development programs,27,European
16、 Research Cooperation Agency EU agency that funds projects in a number of fields to make Europe more productive and competitive in the world market Future challenge is the absorption of formerly communist Eastern neighbors,28,Europe (cont.) Central and Eastern Europe Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 Glasnost (openness) Perestroika (economic and political restructuring),29,Russia Undergone economic reform Many attempts to stimulate the economy Greater privatization required Cri
