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1、目录 2015年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解 2016年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解 2017年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解 2018年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解 2015年山东大学817专业英语考研 真题及详解 Part OneLinguistics . Make comments on the following definitions of linguistic terms （The term defined is underlined） （20 points）: 1. Linguistics is often defined as the scienc
2、e of language or as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields: the study of language form, that of language meaning, and that of language in a broader context. The first subfield of li
3、nguistics, the study of language structure or grammar, focuses on the elaborate and formal systems of rules that are followed by fluent language speakers. This subfield encompasses morphology, syntax and phonology. The second subfield, that of meaning, focuses on how language users make the inferenc
4、es required to fully understand another persons statement and how ambiguity can arise. This subfield encompasses semantics and pragmatics. Many other sub-disciplines of linguistics tackle language within a broader context. These other sub- disciplines of linguistics include: evolutionary linguistics
5、, historical linguistics; sociolinguistics; psycholinguistics; neurolinguistics; language 【答案】 acquisition, and discourse analysis. 2. The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,
6、a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. Morphemes are usually arbitrary. There is no natural connection between their sound and their meaning. 【答案】 3. The technique frequently used in the a
7、nalysis of the structure of sentences was immediate constituent analysis （IC analysis）, which is a method of analyzing sentences into their component parts. IC analysis refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentswords groups, which are in turn analyzed into the immedi
8、ate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. As a new approach to sentence study, this kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are. IC analysis is not arbitrary
9、segmentation. It must be based on a set of principles, two of which are basic ones. The first one is that divisions should conform to meaningful relations, i.e. divisions depend on meaningful relations between morphemes. Another principle is that divisions should be compatible with morphological rul
10、es, the rules that determine how morphemes are combined to form new words. 【答案】 4. Presupposition refers to the context for the intended meaning of a sentence to be regarded as acceptable. A presupposition is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose
11、truth is taken for granted in discourse. It is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. So it is the speaker, not sentence, that has presuppositions and the speaker assumes it is known by listeners. A presupposition must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker a
12、nd addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. It will generally remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and can be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature （presupposition trigger）
13、 in the utterance. 【答案】 5. Coherence is the relationship which links the meaning of utterances or sentences in a discourse. Coherence is what makes a text semantically meaningful. It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax, and it refers to relations of meaning that exist w
14、ithin the text, and defines it as a text. Discoursal/textual coherence can be realized by employing carious cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, etc. 【答案】 . Analyze the following （15 points）: 1. Although words are the smallest of
15、the linguistic units in speech and writing, they have an internal structure. That is, they are said to be made up of meaningful units of their own, as exemplified in the following. Analyze the structure of these words. carefulcareful sadnesssadness realizerealize 【答案】 （1） carefulcareful The word “ca
16、reful” can be analyzed into two parts: “care” and “-ful”, in which “care” is a free root, a base part of word “careful”. Whats more, it can also be used without being added to any other morphemes. “-ful” is regarded as suffix, as it is placed at the end of the word and meanwhile it can only be used together with other morphemes. From the above word, one can work out a rule: a new word form of adjective can be created by adding “-ful” to a noun, such as “meaningful”or “helpful”. （2） sadnesssa
